R˹(Robert E. Lucas)"A(y)"W(xu)ɵĹ,1995õZؐ(jng)(j)W(xu)ίTijJ(rn).ӛúҮڽ1974Zؐr˂,κ֪RֻǾֲЧ,ZؐΣUʹäĿijһNֲЧ֪RĶLEÙ(qun)(xF(xin)xм҂,҂F(xin)֪֪RǙ(qun),"ԒZ"ę(qun)).pϣ(Woody Allen)IJuxW˹đB(ti).^,Ȼ1995Zؐ(jng)(j)W(xu),Ҳ}l(f)],˽BR˹Ĺ֮C(j),l(f)]һҌ(jng)(j)W(xu)ڵĻ}Ŀ.
@ƪ·ֳ(ji).һ(ji)CR˹˵Ҫ,@Щַ"","","",?yn)֪ZؐίT"l(f)չ͑(yng)A(y)ڼO(sh),ɴ˸׃˺^(jng)(j)҂(jng)(j)ߵ˽"(<>19951011),(j)ҵ@DZR˹""Ĺ,ֱQ錦P˹x"R˹".ڶ(ji)urR˹"A(y)"W(xu)(jng)(j)W(xu)еĵλ.(ji)ӑՓ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ļ}Լ˽Q@Щ},(jng)(j)W(xu)δ.@(gu)^"е".
һ. P˹^(jng)(j)"R˹"
R˹,1937AʢD,1959֥ӸW(xu)õvʷW(xu)W(xu)ʿ,1964֥ӸW(xu)õ(jng)(j)W(xu)ʿ.1970ڿ(ni)-÷¡W(xu)õλ,1974֥ӸW(xu)ν.
ҿ,(ni)-÷¡W(xu)ɵ(Herbert Simon,1978@Zؐ(jng)(j)W(xu)),y(tng)ķӰ(jng)߅?q)W(x)^ăλĿǰĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)---R˹,ķɭ(Oliver Williamson, ƶȽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ҫ).(ni)-÷¡L(fng)"W(xu)Ժ"L(fng),һՓ(yng)(dng)кϽ(jng)(j),,ĬF(xin)(sh),˿(ni)-÷¡W(xu)עОW(xu)ͽMՓо.""O(sh)뽛(jng)(j)W(xu),ͬrXбҪ"_"o(jng)(j)׃.ɵăƪՓČR˹ڵокܴӰ,һƪӑՓ_rӑB(ti)Ҏ(gu),һƪC(jng)(j)W(xu)еěQՓ(ҊHerbert Simon, "the dynamic programming under uncertainty with a quadratic criterion function." Econometrica 24(1956):74-81;"theories of decision-making in economics." American Economic Review 49(June 1959):253-283.)
R˹ڵо(ʮеʮ)چI(y)͆I(y)(yu)ͶY}(ҊR˹,1965,"distributed lags and optimal investment policy"; 1966,"optimal investment with rational expectations", in Lucas and Sargent, eds., London:George Allen & Unwin, 1981),@ڮ(dng)r(ʮ)Ľ(jng)(j)W(xu)ϵW(xu)ԺһҪо,ܵ(jng)(j)W(xu)T,_(Kennith Arrow,һՓc˹һ@1972Zؐ(jng)(j)W(xu)),̽ɭ(Dale Jorgenson, ),Īϸ(Franco Modigliani,1985@Zؐ,ʮڿ(ni)-÷¡ν,KMIT),(Eugene Fama),ϣ(Zvi Griliches,,ʮν֥ӸW(xu))˹Ƅ.ǂI(lng)Ǒ(yng)(yu)ՓĻS(_оȌ(do)).űR˹(dng)rõǷNӑB(ti)Ҏ(gu)ʼKSՓ,"A(y)"W(xu)ɼ"º^(jng)(j)W(xu)"ڰʮĩƳһTvڄӑB(ti)(jng)(j)W(xu)"fƷ"Ĵ^,Щ_ևd(jng)(j)y(tng)LĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ҵİ(Ҋ Nancy Stoky and Robert Lucas, .W(xu)1989).ұ(ЇƌW(xu)Ժ(sh)W(xu)Tʿ,(yu)ՓI(y),Y),ԲJ(rn)DZӑB(ti)(jng)(j)W(xu)˼ıҪʽ.
I(y)(yu)ͶY}ɞ鮔(dng)r^(jng)(j)W(xu)оğc(din),?yn)?(1)P˹ĺ^(jng)(j)ՓJ(rn)ʮ(jng)(j)ΣC(j)a(chn)"Ч",ͶYҪӵ(P˹<ͨՓ>ĻO(sh)֮һ"M(fi)T"O(sh),ҲfڿM(fi)IJ(x)T׃Ӿ,֮,YͶY׃Ӳӳ˽(jng)(j)ӵ).DŽP˹]ͶYߵĄәC(j),{ֱXͶYәC(j)ֳɃɲ."l(f)ͶY",ܵY"ҰF_(animal spirit)"(q)ʹ.ͶYڌЈ̖(׃,r׃,a(chn)ֵLȵ)^ͶYQ҂Q֮"ͶY".SP˹xڑ(zhn)ijɹ,ͶYәC(j)о,Ķ⽛(jng)(j)m(x)Lԭ,Ǒ(zhn)(jng)(j)W(xu)혺Ȼx.Ǯ(dng)(jng)(j)W(xu)҂оͶYcLĸNؕr,ӢČW(xu)g(sh)˼y(tng)֮gl(f)ˇ(yn)ط,ʷQ"ɂ"֮(һӢW(xu),P˹xI,J(rn)ЈwЇ(yn)ȱݲc䲻ƽP(gun)(lin);һ,ʡW(xu)ԺW(xu)ڵ,¹ŵ佛(jng)(j)W(xu)I,ڷ֮ǰ]ʲô̵˼wϵ).ՓĽc(din)YՓ,YՓ,Փ漰ͽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ȫI(lng),ʮm(x)ʮ.x߿ԅ(Frank Hahn,(jng)(j))cR˹(R.C.O. Mathews)ľC"(jng)(j)LՓ"("the theory of economic growth: a survey". Economic Journal (December 1964).ϵӑՓ˱R˹ܽĵһ.(2)ͶYcЈ̖P(gun)ϵ,ǏĹŵ佛(jng)(j)W(xu)Ђ^"ٶԭ"(J(rn)ͶY~هڿL~),ڑ(zhn)ǰĽ(jng)(j)оѽ(jng)y(tng)رJ(rn)"a(chn)^ʣ"ͽ(jng)(j)ڵ.ܺ:(dng)Lr,Փǃr̖,߅H,̖(РՓ),߀ǰpȥ(x)TM(fi)ʣĿɹͶYĻ,(yng)L,ͶYߞͶY.˵ͶY,ՄP˹Ľ,M(jn)뿂,a(chn)"˔(sh)Ч(yng)"(ʼT³ʼĹo,ǹoͬra(chn)ˌͶƷ,@ڶTµڶӹo,˟o,@ЩһՔ,ôʹһ1Č(sh)(sh),ÿһλӵ@o^(chung)µ),ҲM(jn)һ˿.@ٵ\(yn)ӕһֱM(jn),ֱ(jng)(j)ÛijNYԴ(؛Źo)ƞֹ.һU(ku)ֹͣ,½,ͶY͕sp,γɷļ\(yn),һֱ(jng)(j)½ijN""ס(YƷȻĴM,F(xin)µЈL).Ȼ_ʼµѭh(hun).@y(tng)^(do),ͶY}ͳ˽(jng)(j)оĺĆ},һ,c(jng)(j)̖IJ_ԽoͶYՓµĆ}.(sh),Ɲ(Robert Eisner)I(y)ͶYcƏV˵ļٶԭоo˱R˹оܴӰ.(3)ͶY}ĕrgҪʹh(yun)_ևdʮ˵İR.RЪoB(ti)(f)sĄӑB(ti).ԇһεĹ:õһ¹(ji)sXڵһµĵһIˌµڵyдC(bank CD).(yu)Qߑ(yng)(dng)DZ^ɼ,,ŗһЩ,ҲһЩ"Ҹ",@"ɱ",㲻ͶY,ԭЩҸ.,ŗҸ,ڵڶ½o㎧һϢ,Ҳ㌢ܵҸ,@"".ěQʹpȥɱijNͶY_(d)ֵ,΄(w)ҵǷN(yu)ͶY.oB(ti),@(yu)DZCδϢõ"߅HЧ"(ϢoһλҸ)ŗߵ"߅HЧ"(ŗһλҸ)ǂ.(sh)`,ͨ^ԼărֵД(sh)(yn)خһM"o"(Լ(dng)ijһĬF(xin)ҸδҸr,ŗµҸQȡһλδҸ,@ܵҸ(yng)ǂoڌ(yng)ڬF(xin)ҸcδҸ̎б,㌢܉ڬF(xin)ҸδҸƽֱ(bio)ϵЮһMÿһc(din)̎б),ȻĿǰеĬF(xin)cδҸһc(din),Լ,˓QȡϢһλҸ,ԸŗنλĬF(xin)Ҹ?@cȵǂoбغ,ҵһoB(ti)(yu).F(xin)҂@׃һ:O(sh)ÿһyеM(fi)Տ(f)Ӌ㵽?lin)QȡϢ.F(xin)Ć}(f)sĶ,?yn)^yеM(fi)a(chn)^Ϣ,һ,^yҲ^طŗ͵Ҹ.Ԟ˱^,㑪(yng)(dng)оx첻ͬrgҸijN۬F(xin)NF(xin),ȻͶYʹĬF(xin)ֵӋpȥɱ_(d)ֵ.ԭf,voB(ti)Ȼ@Nr,dz韩.҂ͨʹÄӑB(ti),ֻҪһNF(xin)ֵӋ㹫ʽÿһ헳ɱY(ji)M(jn)ȥ,γһ^"F(xin)(net cash flow)".ͶYQ߾@F(xin)ĬF(xin)ֵ.@(^ͶY)dzϤķ.@NĕrgcYՓʹõ(yu)Փһ.@DZR˹ڹĵ.
fR˹A(y)ڷķ,҂òfһ(yu)ՓҪQĻ}.Ĺ@ʾǘ,^Q,ÿһr,Q˱횲ȡһ"Є",(dng)rg]ĕrڵ_ʼrc(din)r,ҪQһBЄ.҂Q@һBЄӞһ""һ"".Qͨÿr̿Sx,Ǐ@SrϵxԽMϳS(ڃɂr̸Ѓɂx,ôԽM4ͬ;r̸x,ôԽM27ͬIJ,ͨ,ԵĔ(sh)ȿɹxЄӶö).(yu)Փо˱Ŀܷҵ(yu)Щ("(yu)"ǃF(xin)ֵ,ǿЧ,κΌӋx"Ŀ(bio)").x߿ܕԞȻ:F(xin)ӋC(j)κΔ(sh)ĿķһһԇЩ(yu)ā.䌍(sh)Ȼ.Їڰ˂"Ӌ"һc(din)оĿЇƌW(xu)ԺAW(xu)Ďʮ"c(din)ԺУ"_l(f)һ"ϵy(tng)O(sh)Ӌܛ",Д(sh)W(xu)҂ŬĿ(bio)֮һnj҃(yu)㷨.(dng)ЇӋίTڰʮԇDӋδʮ(yu)˿ʕr,l(f)F(xin)M(jn)ӋC(j)h(yun)h(yun)ÁӋ""rc(din)İgֲ˿ڿ^̮a(chn)Ĕ(sh)֮Ŀܷ.@(sh)dzҪ,?yn)ڵĺҮ˷Ӌ?jng)(j)֮һ@NӋ"".҂ڵ(ji)߀Ҫ,x\(yn)ʼKҪc֮y֮һ(""O(sh))f^,]܉ˏ(f)sӋ.
F(xin)ڿԽB"R˹",@""Ĺ(ʮʮ).@ցԱR˹Լ,"Ӌ(jng)(j)ur:һN"("econometric policy evaluation: a critique," in , Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy.(c(din)̎xһ)
North-Holland, 1976).@ƪՓ,˄P˹xDЈ(jng)(j)(dng)һܙC(j){(dio)(ji)ĺ^(jng)(j).ĬF(xin)ՓǶȿ,R˹^c(din)Լ˼(ҊLucas,1972,"expectations and the neutrality of money",Journal of Economic Theory 4:103-124; 1975,"an equilibrium model of the business cycle",Journal of Political Economy 83:1113-44),Էɂց.,κ߶c˽˲T֮gIJ.pDЌ(yu).˽˲T(dng)ɱӵ"C(j)",ߵĻO(sh)ѽ(jng)e`.(dng)ƶ^ҕc˽˲T֮gIJȕr,ÿһ(؛ߵĸ׃,{(dio),(sh)Y,_֧ȵ),ѽ(jng)˽˲T(zhn)_A(y)Ҋ,tߵ"؛Ч(yng)"ʧ,픶,Č(sh)|(zh)׃,"|(zh)"Є,a(chn)ͬһ˽˲T"|(zh)"ЄһӵĽ(jng)(j)Ч(yng).,؛ߌ"",a(chn)κ|(zh).ؔ_֧|(zh)c˽˲TYԴ,a(chn)^"DЧ(yng)(crowding out effect)",ÿһԪ_֧ЈDȥһԪX˽_֧.Y(ji)_֧HH˽˻X.{֪,eԼԼX,ԼԼXĹ(ji)s.κ,Փ؛ŵ߀nj(sh),a(chn)Ч.@ՓC,(jng)(yn)(sh)(j)C(sh),(dng)ȻnjP˹(jng)(j)W(xu)ش,ԷQ"R˹".,Փ횽ጞʲôڑ(zhn)_(sh)F(xin)˳m(x)s,ǷcP˹P(gun)ϵ;P(gun)ϵ,Փν.DZR˹ҪM(jn)(qing)"_"Աa(chn)^?quot;@Ӡ"Ч(yng).ʹʲôSC(j)^̷,ֻҪxһԒĹ(J(rn)@DZR˹"uZģ"):ͨ^ԽԒӢZָʾ۵ĹƱ(jng)o(j)IuƱ,֪Ԓ .O(sh)IuɷNƱ,ڹƱЈϵӋC(j)̖aքe15(ĕrIM(jn))50(ĕru).@r (jng)o(j)f,̖15ĹƱͻȻ,ɷNO(sh).һ,(sh)HϽ(jng)o(j)fǴ̖50ĹƱ.ڶ,fĴ_(sh)15̖.㑪(yng)(dng)Ӌ,,Ӌһµ eĿǶ.,eĿԲ,ӋIM(jn)15̖ƱĔ(sh),MʹٍX^?yn) e̝pX.,J(rn)@Ԓ eĿஔ(dng)(ӽٷ֮ʮ),x"Є",ȺĽ(jng)o(j)˵ڶԒ.(jng)^ͨԒ,㿂J(rn)_Ϣ.R˹X,P˹ڃ(ni)Ч,Ǿ?yn)Јдڴ?Ԓ"ʹ˽ ̖.(dng)(sh)˽?yn) ̖ŗЄӕr,ஔ(dng)cһȫӵęC(j),Ժ(sh)"(yu)"_(d)A(y)Ч.Ǯ(dng)˂(f) ȡ̖,KڸDr,Ⱦֻصӵ֮gIJ,Ҳһֽጵr.(zhn)sĴr,˲"@Ӡ"Ч(yng),횲ʹԼߏ(qing).҂^쵽ؔԼٶ,KyԞ^.@DŽP˹ʽ(jng)(j)ߵĴr.
R˹@Щʹɞ"A(y)"W(xu)ɵҪ.ʹ@W(xu)ɵĹ܉(jng)(j)W(xu)Ątǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)(Milton Friedman,@1976Zؐ),mȻ"A(y)"ɵČW(xu)߿QӋ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ľ˹(John Muth,"rational expectations and the theory of price movements". Econometrica 29(6),1961)(q).1968"؛ߵ"("the role of monetary policy". American Economic Review LVIII(1), 1968)ѽ(jng)f˞ʲôP˹x؛ֻԮa(chn)"@Ӡ"Ч(yng)."A(y)"ڷﱻM(fi)ѩ(Irving Fisher)Ч(yng).M(fi)ѩͶYՓ掟,A(y)ڌW(xu)fdzu˱WW(xu)ɱo(j)Ĵ,Ųِ(Knut Wicksell)ϢՓ.^"(sh)|(zh)"xʜpȥA(y)ڵͨÛ(һB(ti)).ڌP˹\(yn),ֻз˼,,ZԲ@ڽ(jng)(j)W(xu)y(tng)ijЮ(dng).
R˹ڰl(f)"A(y)"ɵͬr,RϾ_ʼ""(ʮ)Ĺ.@?yn)gՓϵ(lin)ϵ.,ͶY}ֱӾǽ(jng)(j)LcӵоI(lng)еҪn}.DZR˹ڷP˹؛ߵͬr,ڽ(jng)(j)LcՓչ_"A(y)"˼.S,ĄӑB(ti)Փؐˠ(Gary Becker)P(gun)Yڽ(jng)(j)Lеشõ˼.@,"(jng)(j)l(f)չęC(j)"("mechanics of economic development").@ЩʹR˹ɞ½(jng)(j)l(f)չՓҪ.҂Ԟ,ڵĹʵ.@Щѽ(jng)19951,2,3,4<ňؔ(jng)¿>BdD(zhun)^.
. (jng)(j)W(xu)е"x"\(yn)
SR˹һ(ji)չ_,҂(jng)(j)W(xu)һֱ,ҷQ"x"\(yn).,R˹ؕI(xin)ֻ@һNҕ²ſøh(yun),ͬro҂ijNδl(f)չA(y)Ҋ.@һ(ji)@ӵ˼·չ_.
R.RЪڞF(xin)(jng)(j)r]ጬF(xin)(sh)Ѓɂ˼·.һM(jn)Փ,"︂,m"Ҏ(gu),҂ҪO(sh)""ҲԽጬF(xin)F(xin)."",""O(sh),҂߉fF(xin)F(xin).RЪx˺.Ĵ,(jng)(j)_ʼx\(yn).@\(yn)ڽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Դ¿ɷA.һAΏRЪ<(jng)(j)W(xu)ԭ>,o(j)ʮֹ(?yn)_ևd<(jng)(j)A(ch)>).ڶAΏʮʮĩ,v(jng)ʮ.AΏľʮ_ʼ,߀dδ.
RЪķ^ֲķ҂ҊĹo.ՓעһЈϵľ⼰Ӱ푾ĸN(RЪĂ"T"F(xin)DŽڄӽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Ҫ(ni)).ʲôRЪ˼O(sh)l(f),ͱض(do)Ŀ?@?yn)?"ضxµ.ԇ(dng)]κxؕr(mȻ@Ǻyr),αF(xin)?(dng)]xr,"","".ٝͬԼO(sh),?yn)ǰ˵?x.
(dng)xбF(xin)ԕr,κһT(sh)CƌW(xu)Ҫ^쵽@NО.㲻Լڶ},һ˵Оh(yun)y,ǰì,ȫSC(j),ô^쵽"x"?һh(yun)^첻,Č(sh)CǶȿ,Dzf"".һˮ(dng)О_ʼһ,,Ŀĕr,܌W(xu)x_ʼF(xin)"".ӛס,P˹ijɫ
^y,?q)C,Ҫ(jng)(j)W(xu)횶ֻо"",ֻ̎ھB(ti)˵ОǷ(wn),űF(xin)"".Ҫӛ,(dng)R(L. Klein,Ӌ(jng)(j)оጄP˹Փ@1980Zؐ)(zhn)ιӋl(f)r(Qknjһ^"׃"gӵث@Ҫ^׃Ϣ),Ć}ڹoSrgƄӶ."(wn)",@҂?ni)Ҫ?҂^X(sh)̫g̫,D(zhun)˲ŵĬF(xin)҂ֻܸе.
ǽ(jng)RЪľʼKܵһ,M(jn)Փ(zhn).ֱ^F(xin)(sh)(jng)(j)ˁf,׃@.L,a(chn)ƷĶӻ,ĸ,˿ڷ,ЈU(ku),Լ(zhn)ķ׃.ܱ(Joseph Schumpeter),Ү(F. Hayek),(F. Knight),,X(Alfred Chandler),Ϳ(Nikolas Kaldor)ȴ(jng)(j)W(xu)ҵu.RЪՓһֱʮĩ,_ևd(䲩ʿՓ)ȫϵy(tng)ظʹ÷Ĕ(sh)W(xu)."ʹ÷",@P(gun)Ҫ,ஔ(dng)"",һĹҪ߸ܳɞҪ.ڽĽ̿ƕ(R˹1990<^(jng)(j)W(xu)̳>),_ևdķѽ(jng)"ˆ"ӋC(j),˂ԲXӾ͵õһзY(ji).@NҪc(din):ȰһxRĿxĖ|"׃",RIJxһrɸ׃Щ|"".Ȼv^ķ(sh)(yn)ҵЧú(sh),ʲôĿ(bio)(sh),ڽoą(@Щͨ^ijN(lin)ϵs׃ȡֵ),׃(yu)ֵ.@Щ(yu)ֵ"".һ(yn)C@ЩǷ_(sh)ʹĿ(bio)(sh)_(d),Щz(yn)l"Al".һ"^oB(ti)",׃һ Ĕ(sh)ֵ,׃.@ҲҪIJE.ֻ@һY(ji)҂ܵõͨ^(sh)C^(yn)C}._ևd,ȫM(jn)˽(jng)(j)ķõZؐ,ͬr,҂Փ,Y(ji)˽(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)ӵĵһA.
x\(yn)ӵĵڶA,_I(lng)(do)"һ"Փ,ʹɞ鹫J(rn)Ľ(jng)(j)Z(ʹԒpıh(hun)).箔(dng)҂Մ"Ч","(yu)","a(chn)ֵ"Ȇ}r,ѽ(jng)O(sh)һĸ."ԼO(sh)"l(f)չ@һAξcՓ.²(G. Debreu,һՓõ1983Zؐ)Cһ(Јϵľͬr(sh)F(xin))Ĵ,õǿc(din).Փм{ʲĴҲõͬһc(din)(ĵȃr).@ߵĺĆ}һӵ:ÿЈϵĹo_(d)ėlهЈϹo_(d)rĠB(ti),ôαCеЈͬr_(d)Եľ?ڲՓ@}׃:ÿ˵(yu)Q߶هО(ĺͷǾ)y,ôαC˵IJyͬr_(d)ijN"w"?@}?f)W(xu)IJc(din)Q(Ҋ<ňؔ(jng)¿>1995Bd).һՓx\(yn)@һAε,M҂֪ͬr߀"A(y)"W(xu)ɵƄ.
x\(yn)ͬr߀I(lng)d:ӑB(ti)(jng)(j)W(xu),,ҪܵYՓо(Լʮʮ,ķϣ(Ramsey)(yu)Փ,̫`(Hotelling)YԴ(yu)Փ)Ƅ;ͥ(jng)(j)W(xu),rgc½xՓ,@,ؐˠоѽ(jng)֪;ڄӽ(jng)(j)W(xu),Ϣģͱ(yu)Փ,˹ٸ(֥ӸW(xu)I(lng),@1982Zؐ);xՓ,ِ"һͨ^"ՓY(ji)"xƱЈ"O(sh),Բ(James Buchanan,@Ĺõ1986Zؐ)I(lng);ؔՓ,ݲض(Charles Tiebout theorem),(c(din)̎xһ)
ˇ(ni)һՓ,LJ@ΈDȃr(Ricardo equivalence theorem)չ_ӑՓ,cR˹ĹP(gun),J(rn)(_֧)ȃrp˽_֧,_(R. Barro)Ҫ;½(jng)(j)ʷW(xu),J(rn)R"ū`ƶ"ĺԷ,Ը(Robert Fogel)Ͱ(Y. Barzel)˞о;g(sh)M(jn)Փ,,J(rn)鼼g(sh)cƶM(jn)ЈҪصϡȱԺЈrT(do)a(chn),Թܺ_(Y. Hayami, and V.W. Ruttan, the school of "induced-institutional change").
@һr,xȻcM(jn)Փ˼뿹?fn)?ؐˠ"Оc(jng)(j)Փ"("irrational behavior and economic theory", Journal of Political Economy February 1962).Sˌ(jng)(j)W(xu)"ԼO(sh)"u^ăɂҪ---ͥI(y),(TɵȁОW(xu)W(xu)о,ܱ،W(xu)<(jng)(j)׃wM(jn)Փ>᠖ɭ(Richard Nelson)(Sidney Winter))J(rn)I(y)Qߌ(sh)HϲԵ,Д,Ϣռȵȵ,QҎ(gu)t(x)TLЧĺҎ(gu)t(rule of thomb).ؐˠĻ?f)?(jng)(j)W(xu)ԼO(sh)ֻǹԵ,ֻǼO(sh)"ѽ(jng)^쵽һMО,ôcЩ;?yn)NNԭom(x),Ķo^쵽О,@Щ^쵽ОضǿȥԵО".Լͥx,Ѓͥ,һǺyX,SC(j)M(fi);һt^(jng)(j),м(x)ӋÿһXЧ.ôǧԺ,(dng)҂^@r,҂߀ܿЩSC(j)M(fi)ļͥ?oɆяĵʧ.ʧ?yn)om(yng)h(hun),@_(sh)M(jn).Ǟ˷,҂O(sh)ʧ?yn)].@N"",Km\(yn)ӵĽ(jng)(yn)x܌W(xu)Į(David Hume)<Փ>,<Փ>ѽ(jng)_.x߿ԏĮаl(f)F(xin),ߵĸh(yun),J(rn)(j)˿,繷,Ҳ(?yn)Ҳ?m"ܱ^쵽).scؐˠͬr,Ҳl(f)ƪ,"_,M(jn),c(jng)(j)W(xu)",ԏl(f)֥Ӹ,SC(j)x܇·һȺ܇,ՓCcؐˠһӵĵ---ОضȥԵ.
^"ڽ(jng)(j)W(xu)y(tng)"ָĮ́(dng).˹ܰl(f)˵Ľ(jng)(yn)x܌W(xu)A(ch)ϵĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)y(tng).@һy(tng),(ni)ڵJ(rn)RՓ,ضǹŵx(ͬڬF(xin)x˼).ܽ(jng)^ˊWW(xu)ɺ֥ӸW(xu)ɵİl(f)չ,ɞx(jng)(j)W(xu).
AǏİʮĩՓ،(jng)(j)W(xu)_ʼ.ӛúҮRKǰһЌ^,Փоһ.P(gun)ڲՓ,xѽ(jng)е,?yn)?994격Փҫ@Zؐԁ,(jng)ħ^s?ǂԶͶC(j)ĵĴЈ,@,""RʼK(do)҂(xϣ֪еĵ,ԅҌ
(dng)x\(yn)Ӱѽ(jng)(j)W(xu)҂Ϣľʮr,l(f)F(xin)̎Ďн(jng)(j)}(yng)(dng)Ե˂֮gM(jn)ЛQߵĆ}.1978,W(xu)˼I(lng),᠖ؐ(Daniel Bell)͌
R˹(David Kreps),@pIJՓ"ˎ"I(lng),(yng)(dng)ceĬ(Ken Binmore,W(xu)(jng)(j)W(xu),ՓA(ch)о),ɞJ(rn)RՓڵĻ}ČW(xu).̫,@ﲻһһг,x߿ԅ:R˹,<Փc(jng)(j)ģ>(,Oxford University Press,1990),eĬ,<Փcs>(,MIT Press,1994,һ).ڲՓо,ZؐίT(sh)Ǻ̫ĽܳؕI(xin)(Rober Aumann, John Shapley, Herbert Scarf, Martin Shubik,...).(sh)ֻм{ʲ(John Nash)ǷNŵ(ߏ(qing))_ԵĹ(ЩHHǹPӛ)ʹ(dng)֮o@I(lng)(q).돊(qing){(dio),x(John Harsanyi)κ͵܌W(xu)P(gun),ʹɞѲՓ(yng)}о(q).
҂,ZؐίT1995Ī헽o˱R˹""Ĺ,x\(yn)ӵďVxϿ,@ֻ1994격ՓõZؐ.
. е---ԵĘO
@ƪஔ(dng)LuՓµĽY(ji)Z,댦(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)һur.,ڵĽ(jng)(j)W(xu)҂,^Į_(chung)Ľ(jng)(yn)܌W(xu)y(tng)(ԼյCx),""O(sh)һN""չһNO˵ľ.ؐˠڵ½(jng)(j)Lģ͞(Ҋ<ňؔ(jng)¿>1995ϰBd),ؐˠģ,һLڛQߕrʹõ^"Чú(sh)(dynastic utility)".҂,ؐˠ(j)ͬӵ,M(jn)Փr---Щ܉҂^쵽ļ""һǿȥԵ,݅݅Чú(sh)ļ.Ǯ(dng)҂ڲՓԇDؐˠ^c(din)r,҂韩.
R˹eĬԔ(x)ӑՓ˼{ʲx,ĽY(ji)Փ,ǰ݅(R. Aumann)Ŀһ,Ȼ:^""ֻ^ǴҶJ(rn)@Ȼ,ΑһN惺.ôʲôԭʹҶJ(rn)@ͬһN惺"@Ȼ"?R˹<^(jng)(j)W(xu)̳>(A Course in Microeconomic Theory>, Princeton University Press, 1990)410-417eN.,@ЩKه˂֪Ry(tng).@ԼоQ"֪RY(ji)(gu)".
eһf,"Փ"(Ҋǰ<ňؔ(jng)¿>),ɂ֪οԽoĺ̎,?ni)Ȼx""IJ,{ʲ.ÿһ˵^̶ǟoԵ:x"",ҵʲô?ұضҲx"".(j)ʲôxcҺ?ضҌx"".ʲôҌx""""?ضJ(rn)x"".(j)ʲôҌx""?ضJ(rn)ҌҌx""....?,o"".x܉@o^̆?Hx,BD(R. Selten,1994Zؐ)ҲJ(rn)Բ@ôo΄(w).ô҂?ni)Όؐˠǂxqo(h)?ؐˠ(ԼR˹)xģ,˵ֻҪӋobh(yun)Čijɱc.@ؐˠͰՓCĹcM(jn)̭^̵ȃrĵǿԽܵ.Ǯ(dng)҂оĿc֮gIJȕr,صԼO(sh)Ҫȸğo.һNo"ɼ,˼"ķ(f)^.҂ؐˠͰʵՓCf:Щڵ,^쵽О,һǾ,ȥһԵĽY(ji).ô҂͵ȡ˲ՓоĿ.dž?ՓW(xu)҂P(gun)ĵSܵľ,˂ͣЩB(ti).҂ĿҪҵГ(j)ųһЩܵľB(ti),J(rn)һЩܳF(xin)ľB(ti).҂ȫo"ǴڵıǺ"@ڸʽՓC.Y(ji)Փ:"ؐˠ-qo(h)"ڽ(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)ӵIJՓAȫoЧ.
F(xin)҂վһԽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ČӴ@(jng)(j)W(xu)x.ھSҲСMĺ˹أRյĕr,܌W(xu)֪RՓČW(xu)߾ѽ(jng)ǂx^ʹIJՓ^"֪ͬR(common knowledge)".ùW(xu)Y܌W(xu)ҿ(W.V. Quine, , Harvard University Press,1992)g(sh)Z,(dng)J(rn)"֪"ĕr,֪ij.(dng)J(rn)"֪֪"ĕr,ѽ(jng)_J(rn)"֪"@.^"֪R"Kʾ@,K(P)=֪,K(K(P))ʾ֪֪.ՓCf:K(K(K(P)))=K(K(P)).QԒf,҂]бҪoFf"֪֪֪...",Ҳf,҂fɴ"֪"ǵ_(d)һ"c(din)",Ǿ.
DzгF(xin)Ć}؏(f)fٴ"֪֪",؏(f)"֪֪".@ǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)xy.ìF(xin)W(xu)(chung)˺(E. Husserl)g(sh)Z,@"wg(intersubjectivity)",ָQһ֪R(dng)J(rn)_r,ǷeҲJ(rn)_.҂֪@}ҲǾSҲСM܌W(xu)ҠՓĽc(din).ֻͨ^F(xin)܌W(xu)ĬF(xin)W(xu)T(纣¸_)Ŭ,"wg"ȱʧa(chn)"F(xin)ΣC(j)",ųˮ(dng)˼P(gun)ĵĺĆ}.
һ,W(xu)W(xu)ɵĄ(chung)ʼ˿(Augustu Comte)¿˺ķ(Emile Durkheim),W(xu)ɵĄ(chung)ʼf,W(xu)Ҳ,ѽ(jng)(qing)ҸܵM(jn)F(xin)rǷN"A(ch)߽"ʧđB(ti).ʲô|A(ch)߽?ʲôһĻA(ch)?@Щ}W(xu)о}(ͬx߿ɅҊJonathan Turner,,5th ed.,Wadsworth Publishing,1991).˼҂˼õY(ji)Փ:֪Rķ,ÿ(ڷֹ͌I(y))ռc˲֪ͬR,@˂rֵ^ķҰM(jn)һ߽ĵ¹R.҂ɭпؿ֪Rľֲ(W(xu)cW(xu)Clifford Geertz,,Basic Books, 1983)㌏F(tun)ěQǶô.(sh)ĴҲһ,֪RY(ji)(gu)ʹֲxĽǶ(wɫ,I(y),,ȵ)ԭ(yng)(dng)ձxķµķ.@҂ΣC(j).
ҿY(ji)һ.҂ķǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)I(lng)оõ@ӵӡ:({ʲ)һȺ˵ԽM""ĻA(ch),ô@A(ch)ǽڹ֪R.@֪Rڷ܌W(xu)н"wg",Փн"¹R",ںҮ˿"y(tng)",Լон"֪RY(ji)(gu)".Փ,@һN"ҹ֪RĂy(tng)",ʹ˂Sܵľһ۾ͿЩ"@"惺.ҵxо,ĿǰՓֻ˵F(xin)@}R˵.eĬ,R˹,ͽB(Andrew Schotter,,Cambridge University Press,1981).˽Q@},(jng)(j)W(xu)횽Y(ji)ǷN"ۇx"B(ti),̓ǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ҌW(xu)(x),˽҂(jng)(j)W(xu)ʹõ""ĺx,˽"x"x.҂؏^_ʼ,ǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ČW(xu)߂ѽ(jng)҂ṩǰԵ˼,҂һֱԁĆ}"ҕҊ",ҲS?yn)҂ԼČW(xu)g(sh)ΣC(j)δR?
Ŀǰ,ɲՓ،(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)ڷdδ,Ҳox߽Y(ji)ՓԵĽY(ji)Փ.ҵµĽY(ji)ՓֻǹҌ(jng)(j)W(xu)x\(yn)ӵĬF(xin).@Nеķǰѽ(jng)(j)W(xu)Km˼_(chung)Ĺŵxy(tng)ȥ.ϣҵ"е"ཛ(jng)(j)W(xu)һǽ(jng)(j)W(xu)ČW(xu)ߵdȤ,(jng)(j)W(xu)δ˼.
P(gun)~ R˹
c(din)x