“殘奧會(huì)” 我沒(méi)有觀賽，卻總在想著為其更名。但是數(shù)月過(guò)去，仍然沒(méi)有結(jié)果，索性寫(xiě)一篇小文，用來(lái)征集新名，同時(shí)探討語(yǔ)言的進(jìn)步與文明的含義。

　　社會(huì)的進(jìn)步有許多重要的標(biāo)志，比如種族平等，人權(quán)女權(quán)，普及教育。但是這些都是上世紀(jì)的概念了。21世紀(jì)，時(shí)代發(fā)展的意義更注重對(duì)于個(gè)人的尊重。這種尊重早已超越社會(huì)廣義的范疇，而更體現(xiàn)在對(duì)于每一個(gè)人內(nèi)在心理的感覺(jué)和自尊。對(duì)于個(gè)性與個(gè)人的社會(huì)認(rèn)可體現(xiàn)在許多方面。不同的社會(huì)和文化有其不同的理解。比如有些文化會(huì)更認(rèn)同地位和等級(jí)。但是21世紀(jì)的社會(huì)進(jìn)步卻十分明顯的表現(xiàn)在對(duì)任何個(gè)人的尊重，包括罪犯，流浪者的權(quán)益和福利。取消死刑是社會(huì)進(jìn)步的另一表征。

　　社會(huì)進(jìn)步首先是理念的提出和社會(huì)的認(rèn)可，然后實(shí)施于國(guó)家政策中。為殘疾人提供公共場(chǎng)所的便利早已是發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)的顯著標(biāo)志。但是語(yǔ)言的進(jìn)步在發(fā)展上卻并不平衡。語(yǔ)言對(duì)于每一個(gè)人的稱(chēng)謂首先標(biāo)志了社會(huì)進(jìn)步和文明的尺度。因?yàn)�，語(yǔ)言作為文化的主要組成，表征了人們相互交往的一切，包括意識(shí)，感覺(jué)，心理。如果一個(gè)社會(huì)的文明首先來(lái)自對(duì)個(gè)人的尊重，那么這種尊重便通過(guò)語(yǔ)言具體的表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

　　在西方社會(huì)，尤其英語(yǔ)世界，以關(guān)注個(gè)人，尊重個(gè)性，體現(xiàn)人權(quán)為意識(shí)基礎(chǔ)而發(fā)展現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言從上世紀(jì)中就開(kāi)始了。無(wú)論是對(duì)于種族的稱(chēng)謂還是對(duì)殘疾人的醫(yī)學(xué)名詞定義都已經(jīng)從國(guó)家，社會(huì)，科學(xué)界全面展開(kāi)。任何對(duì)于個(gè)人那怕是絲毫的蔑視和侮辱名詞，代詞都正式更名。許多傳統(tǒng)名詞已例如官方禁查范圍，不得公開(kāi)使用。比如：“黑人” 一詞已經(jīng)不在報(bào)刊和媒體出現(xiàn)。

　　對(duì)殘疾人(本人在中文里無(wú)法找到其它詞匯) 的稱(chēng)謂，已經(jīng)在美國(guó)由相關(guān)部門(mén)(語(yǔ)言學(xué)界，醫(yī)學(xué)界) 經(jīng)過(guò)大量調(diào)查和研究，定出規(guī)范詞匯，并編寫(xiě)字典，供人使用。例如傳統(tǒng)的“瘸子，” “聾子，” “傻子，” 等詞匯早已禁用。在詞匯改革中，一條重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是不能在詞匯上直接反映，表征個(gè)人身體上，心理上的缺陷。任何與殘疾有關(guān)的語(yǔ)匯，詞組，內(nèi)容必須從語(yǔ)言，心理，文化的角度創(chuàng)造新的語(yǔ)言詞匯。下面列出一些：

　　傳統(tǒng)詞匯：
現(xiàn)代詞匯

　　Deaf and Dump (Mute)：Hard of hearing and speech-disabled

　　Blind people ：Visually handicapped

　　Mongolism：
Down’s syndrome

　　Dwarf ：Little person

　　Mad and Crazy：Emotional disability

　　Retarded ：Intellectually challenged

　　“殘奧會(huì)” 中的“殘” 字直接反映了人的身體缺陷。與其相關(guān)的詞“殘廢” 更是如此。因此，“殘奧會(huì)”這個(gè)中文譯名值得探討(見(jiàn)下文Paralympic History) . 社會(huì)的發(fā)達(dá)首先是文化的進(jìn)步。而文化的進(jìn)步必須表征在語(yǔ)言上。從語(yǔ)言的進(jìn)步上體現(xiàn)社會(huì)中每個(gè)人相互之間的敏感度與尊重度.中國(guó)歷史文化悠久，語(yǔ)言豐富多彩，完全可以創(chuàng)造出溫馨，合理，達(dá)意的新詞匯。

　　希望文學(xué)家們不僅能寫(xiě)出文采飛揚(yáng)，字字珠璣的華章，也能創(chuàng)造出為那些社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力受到阻礙人們的形容詞，名詞，和代詞。

　　希望醫(yī)學(xué)家們，心理學(xué)家們不僅能發(fā)表頂級(jí)國(guó)際雜志論文，也能從科學(xué)出發(fā)，為那些在生活和社會(huì)中遭受比常人更為巨大挑戰(zhàn)的人群定義新的醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)。

　　希望科學(xué)網(wǎng)的筆友們暫時(shí)放下您的博客大作，為“殘奧會(huì)” 想出一個(gè)21世紀(jì)的新譯名。

　　Paralympic History

　　Have you ever wondered if disabled people have any world-wide sporting events in which to compete? The Paralympics are Olympic Games specifically for people with disabilities.

　　The International Paralympic Games are the Olympics for elite athletes with physical disabilities that do not enable them to compete in the regular International Olympic Games. The Paralympic Games are held every four years just like the Olympic Games. They are usually held in the same city and country as the Olympics. Athletes that compete in the Paralympic Games are divided into categories according to their disabilities. The word "paralympic" comes from the Latin word "para" which means "with" and "lympic" refers to the Olympic Games. Sir Ludwig Guttmann"s idea to hold these Games did not start out as the International Paralympic Games. Guttmann was an English neurosurgeon. He worked at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Ayslebury, England. He first organized the International Wheelchair Games to occur at the same time as the 1948 London Olympics.

　　Soon after, Guttmann attempted to connect the wheelchair competition with the International Olympic Games. He finally succeeded in making the first official Paralympics in 1960. However, there were previous Games in 1952 that were not official and held along side the Olympic Games. Twenty-three nations participated along with four-hundred athletes. For the first few Paralympic Games, mostly wheelchair athletes participated. As time went on, athletes with different disabilities started competing. The Paralympic Games are held every four years just like the Olympic Games. They are usually held in the same city or country as the Olympics.

　　The Summer Paralympic Games have been held in Rome, Italy in 1960, Tokyo, Japan in 1964; Tel Aviv, Israel in 1968; Heidelberg, Germany in 1972; Toronto, Canada in 1976; Arnhem, The Netherlands in 1980; New York, United States and Stoke Mandeville, England in 1984; Seoul, Korea in 1988; Barcelona, Spain in 1992; Atlanta, United States of America in 1996; and Sydney, Australia in 2000.

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