浙江省“浙八味”道地藥材真菌病害調(diào)查及病原鑒定
發(fā)布時間:2019-08-29 來源: 歷史回眸 點(diǎn)擊:
摘要:通過對浙江省磐安地區(qū)“浙八味”藥材真菌病害進(jìn)行病原菌分離和鑒定,采用無菌培養(yǎng)基平板分離技術(shù),從藥材植物病葉中分離獲得病原真菌,構(gòu)建真菌ITS系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,對病原菌進(jìn)行分子水平的分類鑒定,并觀察病原菌菌落形態(tài)及顯微結(jié)構(gòu)和形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定共獲得9種病原真菌,分別為鏈格孢菌(Alternaria sp.)、尖孢鐮刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、球毛殼菌(Chaetomium globosum)、綠色木霉菌(Hypocrea virens)、月狀旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus lunatus)、球孢黑孢霉(Nigrospora sphaerica)、木賊鐮刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)、束狀刺盤孢(Colletotrichum dematium)和莖點(diǎn)霉菌(Phoma sp.)。查閱藥用植物病原菌記錄并結(jié)合科赫法則實(shí)驗(yàn),當(dāng)?shù)厮幱弥参锍蔀?種病原菌的新寄主,分別為月狀旋孢腔菌引起的安徽亳州白芍褐斑病、束狀刺盤孢引起的磐安闊葉麥冬炭疽病、球毛殼菌引起的早小洋菊葉枯病。
關(guān)鍵詞:“浙八味”; 中藥材; 病原真菌; ITS; 鑒定
中圖分類號:S432 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:0439-8114(2015)19-4740-06
DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.19.021
Abstract: The pathogen species and infection status in trueborn “Zhe-ba-wei” medicinal herbs were determined through investigation and identification of the pathogenic fungi in Pan’an region of Zhejiang province, should be provided the guide for protect medical herbs planting in large scale and eco-friend condition. Pathogenic fungi strains were separated from the infected leaves of medicinal herbs by plate separation in fertile medium. These pathogens were identified by construction of fungal ITS phylogenetic tree, and then analysis of colonial morphology and microstructure. 9 types of pathogenic fungi were finally obtained, namely Alternaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Chaetomium globosum, Hypocrea virens, Cochliobolus lunatus, Nigrospora sphaerica, Fusarium equiseti, Colletotrichum dematium, Phoma sp. Compared with the related reports and Koch"s postulates, the local medical herbs became new hosts for the three pathogenes. In these pathogens, Cochliobolus lunatus was the causative agent of brown spot diseases in White Paeony Root ‘An hui bozhou’, Colletotrichum dematium induced anthracnose in Liriope platyphylla ‘Pan’an’ and Chaetomium globosum caused the leaf blight of Chrysanthemum‘Zao xiao yang ju’.
Key words:“Zhe-ba-wei”; medicinal herbs; pathogenic fungi; ITS; identification
“浙八味”作為中國主要的出口中藥材,是浙江最具盛名的道地藥材,分別是杭白菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)、玄參(Figwort Root)、麥冬(Liriope platyphylla)、白芍(Paeonia lactiflora)、白術(shù)(Atractylodes macrocephala)、溫郁金(Curcuma wenyujin)、浙貝母(Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.)和延胡索(Corydalis yanhusuo)8種中藥材,近年來“浙八味”藥材的品質(zhì)和道地日益受到高度重視和關(guān)注[1]。
隨著“浙八味”種植數(shù)量的增加和規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,各種嚴(yán)重的病害也相繼出現(xiàn),如麥冬葉枯病、溫郁金枯萎病、玄參葉斑病、白絹病等[2-4],正嚴(yán)重威脅“浙八味”藥材生產(chǎn)的安全和穩(wěn)定。傳統(tǒng)的病原菌分類方法主要根據(jù)菌株的形態(tài)特征、生理生化指標(biāo)及生長特性來進(jìn)行,包括形態(tài)學(xué)分類、生態(tài)學(xué)特征分類、生理學(xué)和真菌的菌體組成分類分析等,由于大部分病原菌形態(tài)特征復(fù)雜,并且少數(shù)形態(tài)特征隨著環(huán)境的變化而變化,因此,傳統(tǒng)的菌物分類鑒定常引起不同意見[5]。浙江磐安是中國藥材之鄉(xiāng),是“浙八味”主要種植地區(qū),種植規(guī)模大,病害也特別嚴(yán)重,一般種植人員對“浙八味”藥材病原菌多采用傳統(tǒng)分類鑒定方法,但因形態(tài)、地域的差異,結(jié)論并不一致,有時出現(xiàn)治療效果欠佳,有時可能癥狀相似,在沒確定病原菌的情況下亂試殺菌劑,增加了病原菌的抗藥性和藥材農(nóng)藥殘留,對中藥品質(zhì),經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和國際競爭力都會帶來負(fù)面影響[6]。因此,平常的形態(tài)鑒定有一定局限性。ITS-PCR技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用于真菌物種的分子鑒定以及屬內(nèi)物種間或種內(nèi)差異較明顯的菌群間的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系分析[7,8],本研究采用此技術(shù)并結(jié)合形態(tài)特征和光學(xué)顯微結(jié)構(gòu)觀察方法對磐安地區(qū)“浙八味”藥材病原菌進(jìn)行鑒定,以期為“浙八味”藥材病害進(jìn)行有效防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù),這具有重要的生態(tài)學(xué)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值[9]。
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