中國芍藥組7種植物根的生長輪及其在赤芍類藥材鑒別中的應(yīng)用
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2019-08-29 來源: 歷史回眸 點(diǎn)擊:
[摘要] 藥材的生長年限與其質(zhì)量息息相關(guān),近年來興起的“草本植物生長輪”被用于判別多年生雙子葉草本植物的生長年限。該研究結(jié)合常規(guī)石蠟切片和徒手切片方法,對(duì)芍藥Paeonia lactiflora、草芍藥P. obovata、川赤芍P. veitchii、美麗芍藥P. mairei、窄葉芍藥P. anomala、新疆芍藥P. sinjiangensis和塊根芍藥P. anomala var. intermedia 7種植物的根和就地引種栽培芍藥的主根進(jìn)行解剖學(xué)研究。結(jié)果顯示,芍藥組7種植物的根在顯微結(jié)構(gòu)上存在一定差異,可用于不同種之間的鑒別;芍藥組7種植物根的次生木質(zhì)部中,口徑較大的導(dǎo)管和周圍的小導(dǎo)管或木纖維聚集呈團(tuán)塊狀分布,切向斷續(xù)排列成與形成層平行的環(huán),均形成清晰的生長輪;吉林四平就地引種栽培的一至四年生的芍藥主根中均有生長輪,且與其生長年限一致。該研究報(bào)道了芍藥組7種植物的生長輪現(xiàn)象,由于野生芍藥組植物根中生長輪特點(diǎn)與栽培的芍藥類似,因此可為其生長年限提供判別依據(jù),也可為赤芍類藥材的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 芍藥; 生長輪; 赤芍; 年限鑒別
[Abstract] The growth years of medicinal materials are closely related to their quality, and "Herb-chronology" has been used to determine the growth years of perennial dicotyledonous plants in recent years. On the basis of conventional paraffin section and freehand section, the anatomical study on roots of seven Sect. Paeonia species and main roots of cultivated Paeonia lactiflora was conducted in this paper. The results showed that, there existed some differences in microstructure of the seven species such as P. lactiflora, P. obovata, P. veitchii, P. mairei, P. anomala, P. sinjiangensis and P. anomala var. intermedia, and this could be used to distinguish different species. In the roots of seven Sect. Paeonia species, distinct growth rings were formed because that the different diameters or density of xylem vessels in the secondary xylem formed clusters and arranged interrupted rings in tangential direction. There were growth rings in the main roots of P. lactiflora cultivated 1-4 years in Siping, Jilin, which were all consistent with their growth years. Due to the similar growth characteristics between wild Sect. Paeonia species and cultivated P. lactiflora, the growth rings can provide a basis for the age identification and lay the foundation for the quality evaluation of Paeoniae Radix Rubra.
[Key words] Paeonia lactiflora; growth rings; Paeoniae Radix Rubra; age identification
傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥認(rèn)為中藥的質(zhì)量與其采收時(shí)間息息相關(guān),如孫思邈在《備急千金要方》中強(qiáng)調(diào):“早則藥勢未成,晚則盛勢已歇”[1]。中藥的采收時(shí)間包括采收期和采收年限,其中采收期往往遵循一定采收時(shí)節(jié),而采收年限則易受到市場等人為因素影響[2]。因此,判別多年生藥材的生長年限可為中藥的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。中藥材中80%來源于植物,主要以植物的根、根狀莖、莖、花、果實(shí)、種子等各器官作為臨床藥用。其中多年生木本植物莖類藥材的生長年限可根據(jù)木本植物形成層規(guī)律性活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的年輪來判別[3],而部分皮類藥材的生長年限可根據(jù)樹皮橫切面所見纖維束環(huán)帶為指標(biāo),顯示出“樹皮年輪”來鑒別[4]。對(duì)于絕大多數(shù)來源于多年生草本植物的根及根狀莖類藥材,其生長年限的鑒別仍缺少科學(xué)的判斷依據(jù)。近年來,雙子葉草本植物根中的生長輪現(xiàn)象得到國內(nèi)外學(xué)者越來越多的關(guān)注,被稱為“Herb-chronology”[5-9]。已有研究表明在中藥黃芪[10-11]、丹參[12]、人參[13]、黃芩[14]、川續(xù)斷[15]等植物的根中有生長輪的存在。
芍藥屬Paeonia芍藥組Sect. Paeonia的植物均為多年生草本,在中國有8種,6變種[16]。芍藥組多種植物的根均可藥用,其中白芍、赤芍為2味常用中藥[17]。白芍為栽培芍藥Paeonia lactiflora Pall.的根去皮水煮而成,課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)安徽亳州、浙江磐安、四川中江和山東菏澤四大產(chǎn)地6個(gè)栽培品種的芍藥根中有清晰可見的生長輪,并可應(yīng)用于年限鑒別[18]。赤芍為野生的芍藥P. lactiflora和川赤芍P. veitchii Lynch的根直接干燥而成,因來自野生資源,其生長年限難以判別。此外,草芍藥P. obovata Maxim.、窄葉芍藥P. anomala L.、美麗芍藥P. mairei Levl.等芍藥組多種植物也常作為赤芍的地方習(xí)用品[19]。赤芍類藥材均來源于多年生草本的根,其質(zhì)量優(yōu)劣與其生長年限密切相關(guān),因此若能準(zhǔn)確判斷野生芍藥組植物的生長年限,將為赤芍類藥材的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)提供依據(jù)。野生的芍藥組植物在中國分布廣泛,芍藥組不同種植物根中是否也存在生長輪?能否為其生長年限的判別提供依據(jù)?本文對(duì)不同地區(qū)芍藥組7種植物根的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行觀察,并對(duì)吉林省四平市引種栽培的芍藥主根進(jìn)行顯微研究,觀察其根中生長輪的存在情況,以期為野生芍藥的生長年限的判別提供依據(jù)。
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