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        ǕԄºЇl(xing)ڄЈD(zhun)еԹͻc֌(1978-1996)

        l(f)rg:2020-06-03 Դ: c

        Ҫ˙C(j)Փҕ,ÁጲͬЄ挦ڄЈD(zhun)^ЙC(j)Y(ji)(gu)׃wrķ(yng),Լͬ^Ӱ֌ĸ׃һȫԵij{(dio)锵(sh)(j),zЇкr(nng)еĄڄM(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ,Լ@NģʽڲͬĸĸA׃,P(gun)עcǸɲΑ(yng)µЈC(j){(dio)Yϵķ,ĸ,͸ɲڳK˂ɞԹ͘I(y),r(nng)ЅsȻ,SĸM(jn),иɲԽԽܳɞԹ͘I(y),ҲֻЩڸĸЩAγɞԹߵ^ߵ냞(yu)ĵĽY(ji)Փָ,оxD(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)иȺwă(yu)Pӄݵ׃r,҂(yng)ԓڄΫ@λ/Ⱥwݵ^̿]M(jn)

        P(gun) I ~Թ͂򡡄ڄЈ֌ӡЈD(zhun)

        ˽вTǰxеijF(xin)SĉѴٷ佛(jng)(j)Ј(jng)(j)D(zhun)^вɷָһ(Bonnell & Gold ,2002) |W20 o(j)60 ,Ї70 ,ЈC(j)ƾu뵽xٷ佛(jng)(j)֮,ԴM(jn)a(chn),˂ˮƽ,Ͳm,r(nng)͹ͱSһЩr(nng)I(y)˽й̘I(y),ٍȡ~ļͥ(Szelnyi ,1988) ;Ї,ͥ“(lin)a(chn)а؟(z)ƵČጷųr(nng)ʣڄ,еS_ʼ·r(nng)a(chn)I(y)˽˽(jng)I(Qian ,2000) еĂw̘I(y)c˽II(y)Ҳ20 o(j)80 ׃÷dzS( Gold ,1991) ˽вTdoڄЈеęC(j)Y(ji)(gu)˛QԵӰ,(do)ٷƶȲرg

        ˽вTijF(xin)Ͱl(f)չӰ푸ĸе֌P(gun)IԵڵһо,x(post-socialist) D(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)вӄ벻ƽȵһҪԴ˽Թͻӵ(World Bank ,2000 :152 - 154) xrԹͻӵоҪڃɂ:һM(jn)Թͻӵģʽ,lɞԹ͘I(y);ǏԹͻӵĺ,Թ͘I(y)cȺw֌ӵĽY(ji)() ? ں^ӴεƶD(zhun)c֮gƽģʽ׃֮g(@оxı^W(xu)ҽdȤ}Ŀ) ,ڄЈTD(zhun)^һҪBӘ

        M܌|WҺǰK“(lin)ԹͻӵоP(gun)ЈD(zhun)͵īI(xin)ռஔ(dng)ƪ(Gerber ,2002 ; Hanley ,2000 ; Szelnyi ,1988 ; Rna-Tas ,1994) ,P(gun)Ї@rоtஔ(dng)󲿷ֵоڲͬȺw֮g׃(Bian & Logan ,1996 ; Nee ,1996 ; Xie & Hannum ,1996 ; Zhou ,2000) ֵע,P(gun)ڄڄЈD(zhun)c벻ƽȵ“(lin)ϵķ,rP(gun)עȻ,@һ}оЇ׃ֵ؄eP(gun)ע,ЇɹwD(zhun)͵·˽вTĝuM(jn)m(x)ĔU(ku)չ

        ڱ,һC(j)ՓҕǁUͬЄΑ(yng)SЈTĔU(ku)ęC(j)Y(ji)(gu)׃,ԼЈT˵ĽM׃Ӱ푺xķ֌ͨ^1996 ꡰ(dng)Їʷ׃w{(dio)锵(sh)(j)(Treiman &Walder ,1996) ,șzM(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽЇкЇr(nng)ıӵIJͬ,Ȼͨ^ʾ@ЩM(jn)ģʽϵIJ҂Їxr벻ƽģʽ

        һD(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)еĄڄЈc֌

        fġԹͻӡ( self-employment) һxĸ,,cùYܹ,ڷr(nng)a(chn)I(y)TԼй˹̹ƝR(Steinmetz &Wright ,1989 : 979) f,Թ͘I(y)ָЩͨ^ԼĄڄӫ@ȡֻȫ,dzuԼĄڄӽoԫ@ȡYˡĸv, Թ͘I(y)ߡͬڡ˽II(y),һױRȺw,څ˽II(y)ڽ(jng)II(y)wF(xin)I(y)Ҿ(Aldrich &Waldinger ,1990 ; Gerber ,2001) һԹ߼ȿԹ͂,ҲԲЇ,Թ͘I(y)ͨw͡˽II(y)

        ǰx˽вTԹ͘I(y)İl(f)չ˃ɂԵ׃,YԴC(j)ϵ׃ڙC(j)Y(ji)(gu)ϵ׃,ЈٷYԴõăɷNͬƶ߉݋,ٷ佛(jng)(j)ЈC(j)Ƹ׃˲ͬλ֮gP(gun)ϵ,ֱa(chn)ڽ(jng)(j)ķ䷽ٷ߸ռ(yu),ЈTİl(f)չa(chn)µęC(j),(jng)I˽II(y)ѽ(jng)ɞ顰xŵȼl(f)չ֮һlɹxĵ·(Nee ,1989a :667)

        @ɂԵ׃ͨ^ɂڸϲͬ^̌֌Ӱl(f)Ӱ푵һ^ֱӵЧ(yng):ƶ׃wֱӌ(do)˸λõõ؈Ҏ(gu)tl(f)׃ڶ^̄twF(xin)µķ֌܁ԴڙC(j)Y(ji)(gu)׃ɆTSͬλõǰƶxҕP(gun)ЈD(zhun)͵о,ں̶ܴ϶ֻP(gun)עǰһ^@һI(lng)о_ʼԽԽ(qing){(dio)һ^̌xrڲͬ֌ӽY(ji)

        (һ) ƶxҕ:ЈD(zhun)ՓՓ˼ͳԽ

        ЈD(zhun)īI(xin)һĆ}P(gun)ڹa(chn)hɲµ˽II(y)ڽ(jng)(j)(yu)ݷ׃(Szelnyi & Kostello ,1996 ;߅,2002) ٷC(j)ƺЈC(j)YԴƫõͬ(Szelnyi ,1978) ,һЩW(xu)A(y)y,ǰxҏٷ佛(jng)(j)Ј(jng)(j)ƶD(zhun)^,a(chn)һֱa(chn)/˽II(y)ٷߵę(qun)D(zhun)^(Nee ,1989a) һЩ(jng)C(j)֧@һ},fΙ(qun)Ļ؈½,Y˽II(y)(jng)IӵĻ؈Ȼ,һЩW(xu)෴Ľ(jng)Y(ji)|(zh)@һ^c,һЩԵĽ,ԏ(qing){(dio)Ι(qun)ľSm(x)(power persistence) (Bian &Logan ,1996) Ι(qun)(jng)(j)(yu)ݵD(zhun)Q(power conversion) (Rona-Tas ,1994) ,ԼκЈͬݻՓ(co-evolution of politics and markets) (Zhou ,2000) 

        Mһ,Džc@ՓеČW(xu)߿,Ի^쵽IJͬȺw֮g벻ƽȁ팦֌ƶșC(j)Ƶ׃ֱӵՓ,ɲ/hTă(yu)ԚwY(ji)ٷC(j)Ƶ,Y˽II(y)(jng)IӵĻ؈tԚwY(ji)ЈC(j)ƵĽY(ji)Ȼ,(j)^쵽IJƽȵģʽC(j)Փһ߉݋ϵS,@هS^Ⱥκδ(jng)zļO(sh),ȫɆTڲͬȺw֮g^,P(gun)ЈD(zhun)ͽY(ji)Փq]нY(ji)(Zhou ,2000)

        ڴ,ڵоѽ(jng)_ʼԽЈD(zhun)͠ՓĿ,ԇDڸNwƶȱ°l(f)F(xin)IJͬ(jng)Y(ji)Ι(qun)YĻ؈׃ܱһϵg׃,繤λ(Wu ,2002 ; Zhou ,2000) (dng)?sh)ЈP(gun)ϵ(Parish &Michelson ,1996) ԵԴ(Walder ,2002) ,Јƶȵă(ni), lAlݔ@}һ(f)sĆ},Ĵں̶ܴҪҕЈ͇֮gͬƶȰŶ

        ڌƶȱw֮,ǰÁֲ֧ͬՓ}Ľ(jng)l(f)F(xin)Ͳ໥ìͿ˹̩_(Szelnyi & Kostello ,1996) (jng)ָ,ٔU(ku)չЈTa(chn)˺ܶµęC(j),܉@ЩµęC(j)ˌɞA,܉@ЩC(j)ڲͬ龳Dzͬġĸ,(dng)M(jn)ЈL(fng)UOֲҪܶ༼g(sh)r,󲿷ֵԹ͘I(y)߁Դĵ׌(dng)˽I(jng)(j)׃øߺϷ,ͬrЈڽ(jng)(j)l(f)չеԽԽr,ЩYY_ʼ뵽ЈȥһЩɲ@һAγɹ،ؙ(qun)D(zhun)QµĽ(jng)(j)(yu)ݵһ,κ(Walder ,2003) J(rn)ǘ,ЈĸﲻH˽вTЮa(chn)˽(jng)(j)C(j),Ҳ鹫ؔa(chn)עµărֵ,ĶoЩڹTĸɲӢ˙C(j)^,ںηN̶@ЩɲӢռؔa(chn),Ҫҕƶ׃wͷɱϵij̶ȶ;@ڲͬćͬĸĸAζкܴIJͬ

        о,ٷ䵽Ј@һ^ƶ׃wxrɲ(yu)ݵ׃]ֱӵ෴,@Щں̶ܴҪهһЩg^@Щ^,C(j)Y(ji)(gu)׃_ʼܵԽԽVעf,׃˵ęC(j)Y(ji)(gu)^ƶ׃w͂g֌ӽY(ji)IJ“(lin)

        () C(j)ҕ

        mȻW(xu)߂P(gun)x֌ӵоѽ(jng)R˙C(j)Y(ji)(gu)׃Ӱ,ǙC(j)Y(ji)(gu)^ȥоȻֻһܺĸ,c֮gP(gun)ϵȻҪо־(Nee ,1989a) _ָ,Ј(jng)(j)ijF(xin)׃C(j)Y(ji)(gu),ʹý(jng)I˽II(y)ɞһl() ӵĵ·Ȼ,Їr(nng)@õĽ(jng)HHáıӵĴfк͵ЈĿgxyЈC(j),]ֱӱ^ٷЈɷNƶ֮gęC(j)Y(ji)(gu)

        ־ָǷNԪC(j)Y(ji)(gu), ˂ŵȼ,ҲԇLԇͨ^Ј(Szelnyi ,1988 :65) },Щ˹ŵȼ֮,ЩD(zhun)ЈT? @һ}x֌׃wOҪڵоl(f)F(xin),Їr(nng),cԹͻеҪȺwȼеĵ׌(Nee ,1989a ;Szelnyi ,1988) ,ЈЫ@õ挢a(chn)hɲ(yu)(Cao &Nee ,2000 ;Nee ,1989a1996) ,ɲͣwƃ(ni)Ĺŵȼ֮ڹa(chn)xwƽw֮,ĸɲӢͨڄ߸܌ԼD(zhun)鹫˾I(y),SĽ(jng)(j)(yu)(Rona2Tas ,1994) ںK“(lin)Ķ_˹,ǰa(chn)hT^m(x)냞(yu)ݡ@Щ(yu)ݺywY(ji)ѽ(jng)w˵xƶ(Gerber ,1999) 

        һЩо_،Y(ji)(gu)׃wM(jn)ጿ,ԷxеĸN֌ӽY(ji)Y(ji)(gu)׃w( structural change ,λڽMϵ׃) ڸϺ͡ƶ׃w(institutional change ,a(chn)(qun)׃) DzͬںK“(lin)Ķ_˹,겮(Gerber ,2002) ķ,ƶ׃wµĽY(ji)(gu)׃wֱӰɆTC(j),ɴˮa(chn)֌ӷĸNͬY(ji)Їr(nng), κ(Walder ,2002) zһNضĽY(ji)(gu)׃w(dng)?sh)ع͂ڄĔU(ku)չ벻ƽģʽӰоl(f)F(xin),ٵĽ(jng)(j)L,r(nng)I(y)˽II(y),鹤нڄЈİl(f)չ(chung)˙C(j);@,ɲ˽II(y)؈׃,هڹ͂ڄӺ˽II(y)ڮ(dng)?sh)ؽ?jng)(j)еҪԡ@һҪԲȻcƶD(zhun)P(gun)

        @ЩY(ji)(gu)׃w,(c̎xһ)

        ^߻؈λ(˽II(y)) ,˂x_ǰλӵµλ,Ҳxx_ҪⲻͬȺw֮gIJƽӮa(chn),҂ҪԔ(x)о˂ضλõ^ǕԄx(Wu& Xie ,2003 :429) tM(jn)һָ,ڄDŽӑB(ti)Є,ǺεЈQ,ͨ^eO،ڄڄЈϵλÁؑ(yng)ЈӰ푡о(qing){(dio)˲ͬ^̌ģʽ׃Ӱ,|(zh)ǰSW(xu)ںx֌оõƶxȻ,ͬģʽǕԄxԽጵһҪĻA(ch),]ķеõ(jng)ϵC

        ڱ,_ذѡƶD(zhun)Ӱ֌ӽY(ji)@һ^̶x顰ƶD(zhun)Ӹ׃ڄЈϵęC(j)Y(ji)(gu),Լͨ^ڲͬλ֮gӁ푪(yng)׃˵ęC(j)Y(ji)(gu)^@һǶȳl(f),Č̽ӑеһ^,M(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)@H˽вTǰxеijF(xin)Ј(jng)(j)ƶD(zhun)ֱɵ,߀cɲ˽II(y)P(gun)“(lin)냞(yu)ѽ(jng)ɞx֌īI(xin)ߠhԵԒ}֮һ

        Їl(xing)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ:O(sh)

        ˽вTİl(f)չЇѽ(jng)^˺L·A񹲺͇ǰ30 ,˽I(jng)(j)Dzڵ1978 ֮,(jng)(j)ĸʹԹ͘I(y)˽вT_ʼ(f)Kc1989 ֮Ė|WǰK“(lin)еļM(jn)˽лʩͬ,Їĸĸ߲ÝuM(jn)ķʽU(ku)չ˽вT,P(gun)]I(y)ߌI(y)M(jn)˽л(Qian ,2000) ˽I(jng)(j)İl(f)չ˸Nơ20 o(j)80 ,ֻЂwǺϷҎ(gu),һwֻܹ͂8 ں̶ܴ˽II(y)ֱ80 ڲŵõJ(rn),ܶ඼ǏĂwl(f)չ˽I(jng)(j)1989 - 1991 g(jng)v˶̕Ĵ,1992 СƽѲ֮ŵõµİl(f)չ˽II(y)ȫϷ,ЇĽ(jng)(j)LҲԽԽ

        1985 ,˽вTĹI(y)a(chn)ȫa(chn)2 %,1997 ,@һ(sh)34 %˽вTеĹ͂ڄҲõѸٰl(f)չ,1981 ֻռȫr(nng)ڄ(sh)2 %,1997 ij^18 %(Garnaut et al . ,2001 ;mʿ,2002 ;, 2002) Œر,ԽԽÔU(ku)չ˵ЈC(j)@(jng)(j)

        M˽вTijF(xin)Ї˂_һµęC(j)֮,xоr(nng)Dzͬ1955 ԁ,Їȫˑڵӛƶ,ĶOӰ˳кr(nng)еęC(j)ֲĸ֮ǰ,r(nng)δõSrDzӵе,׺òxxoоę(qun)(Wu & Treiman ,2004) ʹǴf(zhn)@һĸɲ,]гБ,Ҳ`ڇҵĹϵy(tng),ҲͨйǘӓһЩؙ(qun)

        ĸ_ʼ󲻾,r(nng)ƻϱU,dzеٷ䲿TȻ^m(x)Y(ji),r(nng)ԹͻӞЩxw±Z(jng)(j)C(j)ṩһӵҪٍXr(nng)ͥPr(nng)(ɲ) p(jng)(j)λΩһ;ڳ,ԪC(j)Y(ji)(gu)ڄڄЈ_ʼuF(xin)mȻ˂ΰl(f)չC(j)ȻҪڇвT,˽вTоҲṩһlԽԽĵ·

        @ӲͬęC(j)Y(ji)(gu),кr(nng)еԹ͘I(y)ڂ˱DzͬڵČ{(dio)l(f)F(xin),r(nng)˽II(y)Ҫa(chn)꠸ɲr(nng)l(xing)֪܊@Щ˱ͨr(nng)иY() Y(Nee ,1989b) ڳ,󲿷ւw˽II(y)߅Ⱥw,r(nng)ʧI(y)˺@Щ˶,]ʲôʧȥ,ͨ^c˽I(jng)(j)ȥ,Եõ(Gold ,1991 ; (qing),1993) 

        J(rn),M(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)ģʽڳкr(nng)Dzͬw,ڸɲɞԹ͘I(y)߷,¼O(sh):

        O(sh)1 :ڳ,ɲȷǸɲܳɞԹ͘I(y),r(nng)岢ˡ

        иɲڇвTęC(j),r(nng)ɲ1978 ֮t]@ӵęC(j)r(nng)彛(jng)(j)ں̶ܴǽy(tng)ͼͥP(gun)ϵ֮ϵ@Nr,mȻr(nng)ɲAYcԹͻȥ,ȻSr(nng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)TĽ,ЈϵĽ(jng)IC(j)]ȫŔ

        C(j)Y(ji)(gu)Hڳкr(nng)ͬ,߀Srgƶ׃^ȥ20 ,Їl(f)չЈ(jng)(j)ڲ׃(dng)˽I(jng)(j)ƞٷ佛(jng)(j)a䲿֕r,cԹͻȥҪԴϵ߅Ⱥw,ڳЛ]ʲôʧȥ˂,SЈȡøĺϷ,ڽ(jng)(j)l(f)չԽԽr,C(j)Y(ji)(gu)׃wĽY(ji),ԽԽM(jn)Ј

        Ї,(do)Ј(jng)(j)1992 ȡȫĺϷԺ,Թͻӵ˾ԽԽSɲŗڳٷ䲿TеšI(y)C(j),º(jng)(Wu & Xie ,2003) ]@Щ׃,ҌrgS뵽M(jn)Թ͘I(y)^,z¼O(sh):

        O(sh)2 :MܳиɲȷǸɲȻܳɞԹ͘I(y),SĸM(jn),ɞԹ͘I(y)ߵĿԕԽԽ

        @ЩͬD(zhun)ģʽӽጺxЇ? ǕԄx(Wu & Xie ,2003) о,ЈT^(Թ͘I(y)) HmһڸĸЩAM(jn)뵽Јеˡ@Щˮ(dng),ЩڇвTDžsԸطŗ̓(yu)ݶM(jn)뵽Ј,@øߵ(Xie &Wu ,2005) SĸIJM(jn),иɲɞԹ͘I(y)ԽԽҪIJ,ЩrM(jn)ߵĸֻǷӳɸɲuһ׃˽II(y)(cadre-converted-entrepreneurs) ^߽(jng)(j),P(gun)ļO(sh):

        O(sh)3 :ڸĸЩrɞԹ͘I(y)ߵijиɲ,@ñȺwߵ

        O(sh)2 ͼO(sh)3 ֻP(gun)עеD(zhun)̈́W(xu)ϵĽY(ji)ԭж:һ,ԪC(j)Y(ji)(gu)ֻڳд,@һY(ji)(gu)K˄ڄM(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)ڶ,кr(nng)ĸĸͬİl(f)չ;r(nng),wϵڸĸ_ʼ󲻾üȫU;ڳ,mȻٷ䲿Tusp,ֱȻ,ĸAΌ˂M(jn)Թ͘I(y),ڳҪr(nng)@SЈ(do)ĸĸﲻ,кr(nng)M(jn)Թ͂I(y)ģʽܕڅһ,ڙz@ɂO(sh),r(nng)ӱķcИӱķM(jn)б^

        (sh)(j)־w(ni)Ҋ

        Y(ji)ӑՓ

        20 ǰʡPꖿhСؚr(nng)]뵽,(dng)һĕϰָӡ,ðΣUQa(chn)֮r, ӢeӾȻЇvʷһ׃ĵһƪ¡r(nng)ĸ“(lin)a(chn)а؟(z)ƵČʩоƶD(zhun)͌C(j)Ӱ,҂(yng)(dng)(interest) cЄ(agency) @һ^̵ĺλ,,Ϭ(DiMaggio ,1988) ָ:]ȺwĽ,ƶh(yun)ܰl(f)չ\,ƶȵľSm(x)׃wȡQЩЄ(act)ͲЄ(not act) ˸ĽY(ji)

        W(xu)Ҍƶx/Y(ji)(gu)xһuͬmP(gun)xЈD(zhun)͵о,тЄ(human agency) ȫӵƶȺͽY(ji)(gu)ӰcƼs,ҕƶ/Y(ji)(gu)ĺζĆ}粼(Blau ,1977 :5) f:ӵ^Ǵ󲿷ֲͬʽĽY(ji)(gu)׃wı|(zh)Ҫڴ,һC(j)ӵķ,˄ڄЇкr(nng)ԼڲͬĸĸAM(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ,@ЩģʽcЇģʽ׃“(lin)ϵ؄eP(gun)עɲD(zhun)^е,оO(sh),ͨ^(sh)(j)֧@O(sh)ĵķY(ji),M(jn)Թ͂I(y)ģʽڳкr(nng)׺ȫͬ:ڳK˄ڄM(jn)Թ͂I(y),r(nng)tM(jn)@һ^;hT͸ɲڳж@؜p˄ڄM(jn)Թ͘I(y)Ŀ,r(nng)嶼ڄM(jn)Թ͘I(y)]@Ӱ(O(sh)1) 

        @,ЇD(zhun)܉EеĸɲṩԽԽijɞԹߵęC(j)ڳ,ɲMȻȷǸɲM(jn)Թ͘I(y),Srg,ԽԽ@ô(O(sh)2) r(nng),ɲץסI(y)(jng)IC(j)Ⱥw֮һ֮,]˃(yu)

        @ЩЇͬM(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽIJ,ܺõرЈD(zhun)͵Y(ji)^Ƕô(f)sŒ,ЈD(zhun)͠Փĸ܏ď(f)sĈDҵһЩC(j)֧Ե^c,r(nng)؅^(q)D(zhun)ͮcЈD(zhun)Փһ:Y()˂M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ęC(j),t@ЈC(j)]@(Nee ,1989a) Ȼ,(dng)҂r(nng)@һ,sl(f)F(xin)ڳв@MܳиɲȻȷǸɲܳɞԹ͘I(y),ڸĸЩAԽԽ@@c_{˹(Rna-Tas ,1994) l(f)F(xin)M(jn)еġ(qun)D(zhun)͡^һ

        ҿ,@ЩhǁڏIJͬ;õĽ(jng)Y(ji),ǁڌW(xu)߂?yu)@Щ(jng)Y(ji)õՓЇr(nng)õP(gun)ڡɲcȺڳɞ˽II(y)ҷ]@e(Nee ,1989a) ĽY(ji)ӳЈ,ôڳСɲȺܳɞ˽II(y)ҡ@һl(f)F(xin),͕ͬһጿ³ɞ醖},ٷ(qun)푪(yng)ڳиʢһ,҂^쵽ĸɲI(y)ҵ냞(yu)ݿܲһ^ȥеę(qun),ֻǷӳx(self-selection) (Gerber ,1999 ; Xie & Wu ,2005) 

        ,ҏ(qing){(dio)C(j)Y(ji)(gu)׃w͂˵x,Ǻ^ƶD(zhun)ͺ֌ӽY(ji)׃֮gһg^,ǺεؼO(sh)f,ƶȱ팦֌ӽY(ji)Ѓ(ni)ڵЈD(zhun)͵ĽY(ji)هڔU(ku)˵ЈTӸ׃ͬЄ挦ęC(j)Y(ji)(gu),ԼЄλؑ(yng)ڄЈϵ׃ĵķ,Щ܉׃˵ĽY(ji)(gu)Լöλˌٳ´_Լă(yu),½(gu)µ

        Ҫָ:һ,Թ͘I(y)ڱбxú܌,؄eڳкr(nng)ı,ܰdzЮ|(zh)ԵĻ,M(jn)һķҪи鼚(x)µķ,ӑՓԹ͘I(y)ӵ(jng)(j)x(ҊWu , 2006) ڶ,ڔ(sh)(j)P(gun)ϵ,Ї20 o(j)90 ԁڽ(jng)(j)D(zhun)ͷһЩش׃]ڱĵķзӳ,r(nng)弯wTĸɲ/߬F(xin)ڿԺϷ،ԼD(zhun)Q˽II(y)(Li & Rozelle ,2003) ,еĸɲF(xin)ҲԷǷֶ̇ؔa(chn)ԼI(y)(Walder ,2003) ,I(y)M(jn)һĸҲ(do)˴˺ʧI(y)ʵ,ĶʹһЩˏСҎ(gu)ģԹͻ\ӋЩr,Թ͘I(y)ֻǡһF˵ıy, ǡһlͨؔĵ·(Hanley ,2000) ;C(j)Y(ji)(gu)әC(j)Ҳܕ(yng)ذl(f)׃,ԺоҪ׃ęC(j)Y(ji)(gu)һЩw׃“(lin)ϵ,M(jn)һz򞱾ġC(j)ӡ}

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