东方亚洲欧a∨人在线观看|欧美亚洲日韩在线播放|日韩欧美精品一区|久久97AV综合

        ѹӢժ > >

        P(gun)ڸĽ(jng)W(xu)

        l(f)rg:2020-06-07 Դ: c

        һ.

        P(gun)ڡĽ(jng)W(xu)@c֮һ(jng)W(xu)еķǘӿԌCضͽy(tng)ӋŒCоC(gu)硰͸HTransparency InternationalòáУperceived corruption index@ָ(bio)M˵ČCоՓ[ε߀ǹ_ģ˂ЌԼν(jng)wgȻܹP(gun)עƌW(xu)о}Ŀ֮һˣоīIҪֲW(xu)ΌW(xu)ͽ(jng)W(xu)I(lng)(ni)1990ԁѸٷeѽ(jng)HС矟֮С

        y(tng)Уһ~Ą~corruptus˼ǡ硱ƉġϣD~ζªȥ򚧜磨191Liddell1889yД࣬_RˏϣDĻн@һZ~ؓ(f)溬xָQنT`ОнMĵطͱضиϣD˺_Rһӟog߽ͬ˴Ҏ(gu)ģĵۇMǰߏā]ЙCԂɞrȥ_RʽĽM(dng)MҎ(gu)ģUr(qun)ڽMɆT֮gÿʧȥ(qun)Ѹټеٔ(sh)ɆTٔ(sh)šǸͳɞҎ(gu)ģM}(do)M߽

        W(xu)g(sh)оġͬܵġǰҪĿɲ^yԼcW(xu)x߉݋ǡԡһxϵġͬ@һZ~ڝhZеĺxǘӏVָһʽġЙCwķֽ^̣˂ѽ(jng)l(f)I(lng)򄝷֞顰ġ˾ġġeȻ̫^(dng)ŵ乫ЛQK̕rŵƶȱָ顰`澫񡪡ɡ

        齛(jng)W(xu)ġҪ漰(jng)ķǷD(zhun)@ȻF(xin)˱x1ǷHHָنTԹ(qun)IJȡ˽ОǷ(yng)(dng)һнM(ni)l(f)ԙ(qun)\˽О飿2ָһнM(ni)ę(qun)EãôΰѲIJĽY(ji)c^(q)֣3ν綨(qun)ĞEáȫw(sh)ɆTcµę(qun)ǷͲQԒf(yn)ϡę(qun)\Ƿ4ӰǷһN(qun)ν綨@N(qun)ġEáVxأν綨ԒZ(qun)͡Ļ(qun)ĸ

        @ƪHHָنTĸ@һڽoıO(jin)g(sh)ƶȰ鹫桰ˡنTľОģʽMһԱx顰ί棭桱ƽ(bio)ϵ Scitovsky graphicĴcί֮gھОģʽ»㣷ͻ@һ(ji)ġģ͡ɴѾОģʽ Чÿ߅硱ąϵӑՓɴ˶(do)ČķnjһОķڲF(xin)c⡱r@һģЛ]иġС򡰟o }ֻиġ̶ȡ}

        ڶ(ji)ǻڂxīIC@MһƶĶе(ji)ĺģ͡Ĺ(ji)ӑՓ@һģ͵õij߽h(w)ˆTġ깦ꡱĺбʵД

        .īIC

        ؐˠBekcer1968P(gun)ڷc(yu)O(jin)Փѽ(jng)ɞоĽ(jng)īI֮һƪؐˠoОģʽĽ(jng)W(xu)ጣڷӵxОهڣ1ıO(jin)ɱ2܉@õij~棬3A(y)ڵıץ@L(fng)UA(y)ڕܵđPď@Щslڌԡ(yu)ġPȡ

        ؐˠ֮(jng)W(xu)ṩĵһƪP(gun)ڸĽ(jng)īIǰKrueger1974Փƪ˙(qun)I(lng)ġ(jng)⡱ơP(gun)ԼI(y)I(lng)ČО顣@ƪ°ѡ{ˮ(dng)rdġν(jng)W(xu)о

        ͸ߵ٣Bhagwati1982P(gun)ڷa(chn)Ԍ⣨^DUPӣDirect Unproductive Profit-seeking activitiesՓǽ(jng)W(xu)P(gun)ڸоһƪ(jng)īIߌN(qun)ӼԷeˌҪʽ¡Ժӡԫ@ã1o2Ј~иߣ3н(jng)I(qun)͵ĉŔֶ߽綨˙(qun)D(zhun)ƵYԴޡIę(qun)Iߎ~Ķһ̶ŤYԴஔ(dng)a(chn)YԴD(zhun)Ƶa(chn)I(lng)ݳMЧʌٛM 1990ԺǰxM롰D(zhun)ͽ(jng)˽лcIJLځ޽ΣC¶ĸڄ߳ 1980(w)ΣC޽(jng)Yx(jng)wϵr¶ĸF(xin)֮ڷNNԭP(gun)ڡоuɡ@W(xu)@һrڵīI˴޸|ρЇޡ͚Wޱ؅^(q)İоԼyH؛ŻMW͸Hҽ(jng)оֵșC(gu)оP(gun)@ЩīIѽ(jng)l(f)ƪCκP(gun)ע}x߶njFīILambsdorff1999

        Bardhan1997
        Ades and Di Tella1996
        Rose-Ackerman1996
        Khan1996
        Andvig1991
        ԼTansparency International Source book2000

        Ades and Di Tella1997µĽ(jng)о֧˿Ͱ͸ߵP(gun)A(y)c֮g“(lin)ϵՓC
        һcΌW(xu)W(xu)һֽ(jng)W(xu)ҏġD(zhun)ڽ(jng)˽л^̡Ľ(jng)ˡЧՓ^a(chn)Ԍ⡱Փ@һǶȿ_ʼ@һĺԣنTȡVTͬrṩ˹(w)ҊTullock1996
        ^һӡԡҊJohnsonKaufmannand Schleifer1997@׌뵽ɽ(jng)W(xu)Posner1975Ŀһ̶ϳɞĝԽ(jng)W(xu)(ni)Č@һuMurphySchleiferand Vishny1993
        Kurer1993
        Kaufmann1997
        Mauro19951997峣1996oһNһ⡰ҕµĸĽY(ji)ՓǣڸI(lng)븂CƣՓǽ(jng)I(lng)߀I(lng)nj̎Braguinsky1996P(gun)ڸԭh(hun)º͉Ŕh(hun)µĽ(jng)Lc֮gP(gun)ϵoƵՓC

        (jng)W(xu)ṩһF(xin)ķԲՓCadot1987
        Tirole1996@һ˼·ؔa(chn)(qun)ĺ綨ɞƸҪh(hun)(ji)Przeworskiand Limongi1993

        ϵľC顰ОģʽĸķģO(sh)wϵ(dng)Б(yng)(dng)̎@ӎׂ}1ıO(jin)CǷЧɱcO(jin)֮gP(gun)ϵӵ
        2װl(f)ę(qun)C(gu)ƶӵģ@Щ(qun)cʲôӵĽ(jng)“(lin)ϵԼ(qun)Eõij̶c(qun)ġ⡱֮gP(gun)ϵ
        3ǷcEÙ(qun)ขʽĹ(w)˽˷(w)@ЩƷMc(qun)Mõı^
        4F(xin)ƶȌ(qun)ʹṩı Ľ(jng)ďڶ̶cl(f)lʳɷȣڶ̶όđPcl(f)lʳɷ
        5ڶ̶\ǰĸОcLڽ(jng)Ч֮gڷP(gun)ϵ

        .εķģ

        O(sh)Թ(w)ˆT顰Թ顰ίзsP(gun)ϵO(sh)ScitovskyDοÁ̄@һίУP(gun)ϵҊDһ

        Dһʾ1ίc殔(dng)\СDrһµ(dng)\泬^Dr㣷
        2һMڹc˽֮gğoI
        3ĴОl(f)ƽ(bio)ϵcCB̎˕r\泬Ҫij̶Ȟ顰C D˶l(f)Чʓpʧ顰AB

        O(sh)О錦(yng)ڈDһġP(gun)ϵ߅硱L㣷ǸNa(chn)Ԍ⡱M̎ģͷ@fġԓpr\˽

        ҪӑՓǮ(dng)ί˰ѹίеę(qun)˽ĿĕrЩ؛Q˹c˽֮g߅HD(zhun)Q@һa(chn)ՓоǡMRTS Marginal Rate of Technological Substitution(yng)ScitovskyDеD(zhun)Q߅ڸcбŒ@Щбʵκһ(yng)ڼO(sh)ڵġ(qun)Ј ϵһrҲfQD(zhun)QʵĹڴ˵(qun)ж{ˌ˶ԵġslˣQ@һD(zhun)QʵĽ(jng)W(xu)xҪӑՓ(qun)(w)o

        ڌߌյę(qun)RЪ^ġTKIJǡ(qun)\RЪP(gun)T󡰏ԡėlҎ(gu)ɲyƌ(do)ߌ˙(qun)ȡQأ1߁fÙ(qun)܉ṩķ(w)ڶ̶ǿS(w)䌍ǿÛQͥÛQڎͽMMFij܇˾VTijՈ͵MãMã^ԓ˾ϣVİӵărֵ·r܇M1600ԪţôĴُI(qun)DzԵ(qun)(w)ֶԽF(qun)(w)ԾԽС
        2߁f@ȡ˽횵Ͷڶ̶ǿһ˾ijĿҪ@Ù(qun)C(gu)헌@헌һⶼǿģôߌһ헌ę(qun)(w)^͵ď
        3֧ČM\˽ĿMռı@һԽСߌMõжȾԽڴxό(qun)(w)ԾԽ
        4ڶ̶挦ߵĸ@һԽߌӑr߀rؾԽСڴxό(qun)(w)ҲԽ͡

        ڡ(qun)(w)ĹoQԵظҪεĺĻĶǽ(jng)Їrԣг@ЩQˡ(qun)(w)Ĺoأ1˞@üЙ(qun)ѽ(jng)M˶Ŭ@Щѽ(jng)ġɱA(y)ڿɞˡطО鎧顰طęCɱ@Щѽ(jng)Ŭڶ̶Ͽͨ^õa@ȻطĻ؈Խ˞錤ṩġ(qun)(w)ĹoԽ
        2˵ę(qun)A(ch)(dng)ЩҪaͽoa?sh)YԴڶ̶Dzġ鲻a@ЩYԴMõĴСڴxϛQ˴ԸГ(dn)L(fng)U?q)ȡġ?qun)(w)Ĉ
        3ˌОL(fng)UД(c̎xһ)

        @һA(y)ڵL(fng)UԽߣڴxQĴȡġ(qun)(w)ĈԽ
        4A(y)ԼЙ(qun)A(ch)߀܉@ö™(qun)A(y)ګ@õę(qun)ărֵԽڴxϴ?q)ȡĻ؈Խߣ?br>5˵ę(qun)Sgwrw׃ε(jng)ģ׃ӡЈY(ji)(gu)Ӱ푙(qun)fʡضl(f)׃@һ׃ķ

        corQġ(qun)錤߷(w)ľrǰ齛(jng)YԴġ(qun)ڹc˽֮g߅HD(zhun)QʡO(sh)֪@һ߅HD(zhun)Qʡ

        O(sh)P(gun)ڹ֮gğo岢ϴобʵһO(sh)СD(zhun)Qʡc

        @ɴ˵ğoA(y)ڵԡD(zhun)QʡбʵA(y)㾀cQ˴˵ľО飨ҊD

        D@ʾ1ֵɴ˵RQğoбԽСtɫI`ę(qun)(w)Խo
        2ֵə(qun)O(jin)CƵЧʛQ߅бԽtɫL`\˽ę(qun)(w)Խ
        3ֵν(jng)lQ߅HD(zhun)QԽСֱM`ֱMôĸОҲԽ٣
        olMLIcCB_@ζ4ίԸ֧^ABĪoԓQȡ䌢(qun)Оp٣Ҳ^CD@^Q(mo)ΡF(xin)@һ׵;O(sh)šˆTݼB(yng)ϻѪABt֧oЩͨ^ˡO(jin)ŚˆTҲ԰ѡAB߹šˆT깦нLб
        5O(sh)еġ(qun)ЈֱMô(jng)W(xu)oДcίǷõһܿܵģģY(ji)p涼ܵp@һc֧˲ϣԼ峣I(lng)븂CƿԾⸯĿ

        .Y(ji)Z߽h

        gM͌W(xu)ߌ˺矟t(y)θ£Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center2000ȑ(yng)(dng)һĸcձϵy(tng)ĸ^(q)_ǰһСMoġ(qun)Y֮һ߄tx飺ֻп˸ſṩ(w)ϵy(tng)ę(qun)О顱@ƪP(gun)ĵǡϵy(tng)Ը

        Ľ(jng)о1ϵy(tng)ԵĸҪl(f)ڽ(jng)l(f)_؅^(q)
        2ϵy(tng)ԸăɷNҪʽǡcǰ漰wƸĸ漰μӏ(qun)ıO(jin)
        3ͨ^зʽͽ(jng)\ЧʣA˹(w)MÏĶֱͶYӣ
        BѴYԴa(chn)TD(zhun)Ƶa(chn)Ԍ⡱ӷȥ
        Cƶȵġ͹ܵġxԡĶ˽LͶYͷeYa(chn)ķeO
        Dˡ¸ijɱĶI(y)Ľ(jng)(chung)»(do)򸯔ͺڎͻӷ棨Cartier-Bresson2000

        Ї(ni)ĸҪ]ɻIJE1κν(jng)gAӣ
        2ڴ˻A(ch)γ܉ͨAӵġg
        3ڹI(lng)(ni)ֲݛՓ
        4ͨ^ݛՓO(jin)͑\Eù(qun)ĹنTƲҪЌеľwʩcƶȄ(chung)O(sh)ƸP(gun)IEDŽeģǡЌزȡʩƸ

        Ҫ]ľwʩ1I(lng)(do)cP(gun)ڷġԒԱpͬ˷ļȵO(sh)õČ(zh)дʩK
        2ռ(sh)(j)ceTĸ̶ȼl(f)Ҫ;
        3{(dio)оĻA(ch)ɿW(xu)ίTӆTġОҎ(gu)ʹM_oһйԸԃ
        4ϵy(tng)Tę(qun)޼نTաОҎ(gu)ʹ(qun)ޕrl(f)ĸN@ЩMЙ(qun)cYx(j)Ҏ(gu)Tšc(qun)ޣڱҪr޸ġ
        Ϲ(ji)ĺģ͵ķζ5O(sh)Ŀģ͂?q)I(y)˽{(dio)ˆTe󰸼Լķ؝ۙC(gu)ܵ`M{(dio)l(f)ЌT򹫱M¶ʹàrMչٝڙ(qun)C(gu)ĸNeּڷĻ“(lin)W(wng)ᾀԒȺ
        6O(sh)ڴӹšˆTġ깦ꡱбĶšˆTһֹ꼰Ĵ󲿷tԺ֧@һ(jng)ھ⹫šˆTОġڻF(xin)бʡӋ㣺ЇĿǰrԣ@t֧Ĉ‘(yng)(dng)ԾSݹ(w)ˆT20fԪŵˮƽSrָ(sh){(dio)ٶšg루(jng)I(y)ˣu_3f5f10f15fš(w)ȼ

        īI

        Alberto Adesand Rafael Di Tella1996Causes and Consequences of Corruption
        A Review of Empirical ContributionsIDS Bulletin
        Liberalization and the New Corruption 272 (April)
        6-11.

        Alberto Adesand Rafael Di Tella1997National Champions and Corruption
        Some Unpleasant Interventionist ArithmeticThe Economic Journal 107 (July)
        1023-1042.

        Jens Christopher Andvig 1991The Economics of Corruption
        A SurveyStudi economici46 (4-3).

        Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center2000An Annotated BibliographyAnnotated Bibliography of the Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center of the World Bank.htm.

        Pranab Bardhan1997Corruption and Development
        A Review of Issues Journal of Economic Literature 35 (Sept)
        1320-1346.

        Jagdish N. Bhagwati1982Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking (DUP) ActivitiesJournal of Political Economy 90 (5)
        988-1002.

        Gary Becker Crime and Punishment
        An Economic Approach The Journal of Political Economy 76 2 (March-April)
        169-217.

        Serguey Braguinsky1996Corruption and Schumpeterian Growth in Different Economic EnvironmentsContemporary Economic Policy 14 (July)
        14-25.

        Olivier Cadot1987Corruption as a GambleJournal of Public Economics 33 2 (July)
        223-244.

        Jean Cartier-Bresson2000Economics of CorruptionOECD Observer Economics of corruption.htm.

        Steven N.S. Cheung1996A Simplistic General Equilibrium Theory of CorruptionContemporary Economic Policy 14 (July)
        1-5.

        Simon JohnsonDaniel Kaufmannand Andrei Schleifer1997The Unofficial Economy in Transition Paper prepared for presentation for the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity Washington September 4-5 1997.

        Daniel Kaufmann1997Corruption
        the FactsForeign Policy 107 (Summer)
        114-131.

        Mushtaq Khan1996A Typology of Corrupt Practices in Developing CountriesIDS Bulletin
        Liberalization and the New Corruption 27 2 (April)
        12-21.

        Anne O. Krueger 1974The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking SocietyThe American Economic Review 64 3 (June)
        291-303.

        Oskar Kurer1993Clientelism Corruption and the Allocation of ResourcesPublic Choice 77 (2)
        259-273.

        Johann Graf Lambsdorff1999Corruption in Empirical Research - A Reviewjlambsd@uni-goettingen.de

        H.G. Liddell ed.An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon7th ed. Oxford University Press 1889.

        Paolo Mauro1995Corruption and GrowthThe Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 2 (August)
        681-711.

        Paolo Mauro1997The Effects of Corruption on Growth Investment and Government Expenditure
        A Cross-Country AnalysisInCorruption and the Global Economy83-107Edited by Kimberly Ann ElliotWashington
        The Institute for International Economics.

        Kevin M. MurphyAndrei Schleiferand Robert Vishny(c̎xһ)

        1993Why is Rent-Seeking So Costly to GrowthThe American Economic Review 83 2 (May)
        409-414.

        Susan Rose-Ackerman1996When is Corruption Harmful Background paper for the World Banks 1997 World Development ReportThe State in a Changing WorldWashington
        The World Bank (August).

        Richard A. Posner1975The Social Costs of Monopoly and RegulationJournal of Political Economy 83 (4)
        807-827.

        Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi1993Political Regimes and Economic GrowthJournal of Economic Perspectives 7 3 (Summer)
        51-69.

        Jean Tirole1996A Theory of Collective Reputations (With Applications to the Persistence of Corruption and to Firm Quality)The Review of Economic Studies (63)
        1-22.

        Transparency International2000Analytical Framework Part A Chapter 2
        Where does Corruption FlourishTI Source Book Where does Corruption Flourish.htm.

        Gordon Tullock1996Corruption Theory and PracticeContemporary Economic Policy 14 (July)
        6-13.

        ԭij̎(zhn)c()200006ڵ112115

        P(gun)~ (jng)W(xu)

        cx

        (qun) ѹӢժ smilezhuce.com