菟絲子藥材品種考證、資源調(diào)查及商品藥材鑒定
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2019-08-30 來(lái)源: 美文摘抄 點(diǎn)擊:
[摘要] 該研究通過(guò)本草考證及對(duì)我國(guó)植物志(含地方植物志)、歷版《中國(guó)藥典》及地方中藥材標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、近現(xiàn)代文獻(xiàn)記載情況進(jìn)行整理,列出原植物和藥材鑒定表,并對(duì)全國(guó)菟絲子商品藥材進(jìn)行收集和鑒定,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)本草中所描述的菟絲子植物應(yīng)為菟絲子Cuscuta chinensis,以產(chǎn)于山東、河南為好。當(dāng)今菟絲子商品藥材經(jīng)鑒定植物來(lái)源包括南方菟絲子C. australis、菟絲子C. chinensis和金燈藤C. japonica 3種,主要為南方菟絲子C. australis,古今菟絲子藥材主流品種發(fā)生變化。許多近現(xiàn)代文獻(xiàn)對(duì)菟絲子的原植物和藥材性狀、顯微特征記載描述有出入,需進(jìn)一步修改完善。南方菟絲子C. australis、菟絲子C. chinensis和金燈藤C. japonica三者種子有區(qū)別值得進(jìn)一步研究!吨袊(guó)藥典》收載2物種,建議分開(kāi)細(xì)化特征,以示區(qū)別。該研究為菟絲子藥材的開(kāi)發(fā)利用提供參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 菟絲子; 品種考證; 資源調(diào)查; 商品藥材鑒定
[Abstract] Through the textual research, resource investigation, literature reviews (including Flora of China, municipal Flora, pharmacopoeia of China and municipal drug standards ) and identification of commercial drugs on Cuscutae Semen, it was found the species described in the herbal textual was Cuscuta chinensis, with good quality from Shandong and Henan Province. The identification of commodities showed the majority drugs were from C. australis, varied from the ancient herbal textuals .Mordern literature reviews indicate that it was necessary to strengthen the research on Cuscutae Semen from C. australis, C. chinensis and C. japonica because of their differences in resources, macroscopical and microscopical characters, while wrong descriptions in some literatures. It was suggested that the two species (C. australis and C. chinensis) should be separated in pharmacopoeia of China. The study provides scientific basis for the development and utilization of Cuscutae Semen.
[Key words] Cuscutae Semen; varieties textual research; resource investigation; identification of commercial drugs
菟絲子為旋花科Convolvulaceae植物南方菟絲子Cuscuta australis R.Br.或菟絲子C. chinensis Lam.的干燥成熟種子,具有補(bǔ)益肝腎,固精縮尿,安胎,明目,止瀉功效;外用消風(fēng)祛斑,用于肝腎不足,腰膝酸軟,陽(yáng)痿遺精,遺尿尿頻,腎虛胎漏,胎動(dòng)不安,目昏耳鳴,脾腎虛瀉;外治白癜風(fēng)[1],是中醫(yī)補(bǔ)腎、壯陽(yáng)、固精之要藥。在實(shí)際工作中發(fā)現(xiàn),目前菟絲子藥材存在著真?zhèn)蝺?yōu)劣的問(wèn)題[2-3],引起思考。為此,本研究進(jìn)行了菟絲子藥材的品種考證、資源調(diào)查及商品藥材鑒定,以便為菟絲子藥材的進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)利用提供參考。
1 菟絲子的品種考證
菟絲子始載于《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》!侗静萁(jīng)集注》[4]言:“菟絲子生朝鮮川澤田野,蔓延草木之上,色黃而細(xì)者為赤網(wǎng),色淺而大者為兔累,九月采實(shí),曝干。田野墟落中甚多,皆浮生藍(lán)、紵麻、篙上!闭f(shuō)明古人早觀察到了菟絲子為寄生植物,并首次記載寄主藍(lán)、紵麻、篙,為目前菟絲子生長(zhǎng)常見(jiàn)的寄主,其種子可分為大、小2種。
《本草圖經(jīng)》[5]謂:“生朝鮮川澤田野,今近京亦有之。以冤句者為勝。夏生苗,如絲綜蔓延草木之上,或云無(wú)根,六七月結(jié)實(shí),極細(xì)如蠶子,土黃色。其實(shí)有二種:色黃而細(xì)者,名赤網(wǎng);色淺而大者名菟累。其功用并同。”并附有“單州菟絲子”圖,其對(duì)種子性狀再次論述認(rèn)為菟絲子分大、小2種種子且功用并同,且產(chǎn)于冤句(今山東境內(nèi)[6])的質(zhì)佳。《本草綱目》[7]曰:“惟懷孟林中多有之,入藥更良!崩顣r(shí)珍認(rèn)為以懷孟(今河南境內(nèi)[6])產(chǎn)的菟絲子入藥較佳。在《本草品匯精要》[8]中強(qiáng)調(diào):“子堅(jiān)實(shí)細(xì)者為好!闭f(shuō)明當(dāng)時(shí)提倡用小粒菟絲子。
《本草綱目》[7]曰:“按:寧獻(xiàn)王《庚辛玉冊(cè)》云:火焰草即菟絲子,陽(yáng)草也,多生荒園古道。其子入地,初生有根,及長(zhǎng)延草物,其根自斷。無(wú)葉有花,白色微紅,香亦襲人。結(jié)實(shí)如秕豆而細(xì),色黃,生于梗上尤佳!蓖瑫r(shí)引《日華子本草》曰:“苗莖似黃絲,無(wú)根株,多附田中,草被纏死,或生一叢如席闊。開(kāi)花結(jié)子不分明,子如碎黍米粒,八月、九月以前采之!薄吨参锩麑(shí)圖考》卷二十二[9]中曰:“菟絲子,北地至多,尤喜生園圃。菜豆被其糾纏,輒卷曲就瘁……初開(kāi)白花作包,細(xì)辨反卷,如石榴狀。旋即結(jié)子。”《中國(guó)植物志》[10]旋花科Convolvulaceae菟絲子屬Cuscuta分為3個(gè)亞屬,只有線莖亞屬的莖較細(xì),種子較小,符合“苗莖似黃絲……子如碎黍米粒”的描寫(xiě),花冠宿存符合“開(kāi)花結(jié)實(shí)不分明”的特征。在線莖亞屬中,菟絲子C. chinensis和南方菟絲子C. australis作藥用,兩者區(qū)別在于前者的宿存花冠全部包住蒴果,花冠接近于石榴宿存花萼的形狀,后者僅包住下半部,因此本草中所描述的菟絲子植物應(yīng)為菟絲子C. chinensis。
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