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        Ї(dng)ʷ塤wՓ

        l(f)rg:2020-06-08 Դ: c

        һ ġF(xin)(dng)

        1989桶ЇF(xin)ʷ塷֮҂Ƴm(x)ƪЇ(dng)ʷ塷ġF(xin)(dng)һ֮eζʲôأǰv19oĩ1949@һrڃ(ni)Ї򄡰l(f)չ׃Ěvʷ߄tnj19492000@낀oЇʷӾһ20oЇF(xin)ʷ䌍Ї򄡸SЇF(xin)vʷḾfyҲo횅^(q)ʲôF(xin)c(dng)ġֻҪ]x_繫JĬF(xin)cԵҕֻҪ҂ǾooסЇF(xin)Dy۵ĚvʷḾfģôoՓ(jng)ĻҲoՓ˼ˣĆ}(yng)F(xin)@潛(jng)ȥʹ˶ՓF(xin)c(dng)@ɲ־Ͳ^໥“(lin)ϵһrμF(xin)rζr^ʮ꣬˂԰@50ʲô(dng)1949֮Q顰F(xin)tȫЇĚvʷH@ӣ҂ֻ͕ܸ(j)ĿǰЇW(xu)g(sh)猦(dng)@һ(x)T÷҂@20oεđʷ

        20o50ĩ60ԁ^Ї(dng)ČW(xu)Ї(dng)򄡡ᷨڴһӺxһǕrָ1949ԁČW(xu)򄡣
        ԣָЇa(chn)hI(lng)(do)ġЇČW(xu)c򄡡ֽСxČW(xu)c򄡡
        ǵHЇꑵČW(xu)co80ԁĶNP(gun)Ї(dng)򄡵m(x)@N^cеĸɴͽСЇʷȻ@ǺܳɆ}ԇ挦Tѽ(jng)ؚw_ƽy(tng)һŬĴݣrѽ(jng)M21oȫ򻯡˼ѱձJͬĽ죬Ȼ@N]һ˼S^Ї(dng)ʷôܽʾvʷ挍òcˇg(sh)ă(ni)Ҏ(gu)أ@ȻֻҪƬ؏hɺεĽǶȣǏZԡĻĽy(tng)һԣͬһԣʷЇ(dng)򄡾Ͳ(yng)HHǴꑵġЇ򄡡(yng)ꑑ_򄡡cT@ׂMɲf1949֮ǰF(xin)rЇʷ߀DZһy(tng)һĿмԒô1949֮ġ(dng)r͑(yng)ox^m(x)ԳZԡĻĽy(tng)һԴˁչ_vʷ˂ӛՕrĵĻfЇF(xin)򄡾K(gu)ɵģһKؑc֡Ҫصġy(tng)^(q)򄡡
        һKDZϺϾ|ʡȜS݅^(q)ԼT_y(tng)ݠ^(q)đ
        ߀һKӰĵġŅ^(q)򄡡@ZĻϵĽy(tng)һԱ҂fһҚvʷĻc1949֮Ĵꑑ򄡻ǡŅ^(q)򄡡cŴ󡣶(dng)ġy(tng)^(q)򄡡tڇѶֻһ֑򄡼ҼˡŅ^(q)򄡡һSh_γһ݆ġy(tng)^(q)򄡡_(dng)S݅^(q)͸۰ĵđҲvʷ۵Mˡ(dng)ˣЇ(dng)ʷֻvH`һЇĚvʷŒҲڌ׃܉Eǡֵ҂J飬(yng)ԓͻƶm(x)ĴꑡxһԪĪM˼·Pμhɺεҕǿc጑򄡬F(xin)˼SģʽJ塢ZĻĽy(tng)һۣԿƌW(xu)đB(ti)ȁ挍Ї(dng)򄡵Ěvʷ

        ı{ʷҕҰđ򄡘ʽf҂ڡF(xin)mȻŵµĚvʷlµĸ¡׃Լ¸脡脡Įa(chn)l(f)չ漰wfԒ@顰Փđ˼͑^֮D(zhun)׃ĬF(xin)Ժԁ߀Ǐđ\c҇xľo“(lin)ϵߏĴ(yu)ㄡҵӿF(xin)ڄ(chung)ϵشؕILЇʷ_һšvʷAĻ\ռͻĚvʷλڬF(xin)ʷ(do)õtdԒ[1]ġ(dng)ıӴ@@50ꮔ(dng)УЇy(tng)׃oՓ䡰ácʧurhh^ǰ50a(chn)S(yu)ҡƷc݆TF(xin)廯¡ԒԪW(xu)(x)f(xi){(dio)l(f)չđB(ti)¸֣@50γɵĸаl(f)ˡӰ@ӰشĚvʷĻ¼һƉ@һB(ti)򄡬F(xin)ĵ·ࡣ҂ڱӴķȻǏġF(xin)@Ƕ۵Qǰ@50đ(dng)ЇŴʷһ΁nj鮔(dng)ʷһЙCMɲցvЇŴʷ͹ŴԊʷŴСfʷһӣSġĻ\ǂrھͻϽY(ji)Ԓ@һµđ򄡘ʽ(dng)ǰв˃HHҕЇװقNеһ@ÑW(xu)ϵķԭ҇F(xin)dĚvʷŒ҇y(tng)ĄNmȻܶ࣬đW(xu)wϵfȫǏԊ赸ۺϵĹŴ@һϵy(tng)dԒtW(xu)wϵcБ(yng)һȫµĬF(xin)҇͡ŴԊиNwú͘ʽwԊVxf~ҲԊһNF(xin)Ԋ@wú͘ʽеһNwcŴԊ(yng)ĬF(xin)Ԋ裬W(xu)L(fng)òȻЄe˂Ԓҕ顰ʽĕr҂AڌҕЇ򄡵ġF(xin)ʽmȻԡЇ򄡂y(tng)ҲСԒӣLLİ֮Уѽ(jng)ȫЇѽ(jng)ɞ҂򄡵ҪMɲǷNJЇ򄡃Hڑ^c@ȻǘOƬԒԼ¸脡cԪЇF(xin)(dng)B(ti)Ļ@ȫǽųF(xin)¬F(xin)҂Ȳcy(tng)fĻ“(lin)ϵJڮ(dng)l(f)չĿgҲԒĻϵġ򾉶JɞЇ򄡵Ŀ

        }ĺ߀ڡF(xin)@潛(jng)֮С҂(dng)ʷҕȻǽ(jng)Ļc˼롢˵ĬF(xin)}F(xin)cԼP(gun)Ļrֵ˜ʣƼsvʷġĻ\ӵĬF(xin)x񣬡ġtԳֵcĬF(xin)䌦ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)׃ҪȻָ(do)(dng)ʷһ؞֮˼·1949֮đ˼c\ӣMܳMۺͽӖ(xn)߀Ǐ(f)wڬF(xin)ρˡ͑@һTϵˇg(sh)fĬF(xin)ҪF(xin)棺

        һ_ʬF(xin)ġ˵ľB(ti)ЬF(xin)xĄ顢}͸HԿF(xin)ˡĵòˇg(sh)ȤW(xu)׷猦˼cԽŵĠȡ˸ƽc NNÌ⽨cRеȵȣЩMȡڹŴvʷ䡰ҕǡc֮񡱱cF(xin)Rͨ@һHġġrڡ30ͿՕrڵЩ(yu)ƷпԿó50ԒBֽˡķ^ᣩP(gun)h䡷hԼFA֮󡷣b@һЩҲл[@ıF(xin)80ƷԒġɳ~سҦ£܇վнСͬƣ\ƣɣƺo¡Ӷȡƽܲcޡꐁȣz¡꣩ɽšκ¾ͤIdɑL(fng)oLx@Щ򶼏IJͬĽǶ͸ˆԺͬF(xin)R

        1949֮ǰġxr򄡾(ni)ġF(xin)ԡ׷cЇ˵ġײx䌍һ£Ҫxڡ桱ˡ֡׷ӳġ挍ԡm͡_dԡˡărֵġ˵đ򄡡ѬF(xin)˵Ī˸cƽ(qun)׷_ϵđ򄡾1949֮A̗lxcΌxԡˌW(xu)ĵġ˵đ򄡡۸ĞζߵđڡAx̖uuˬF(xin)һ挍ԡc˵đ򄡡⵽H⡣еĬF(xin)׷ȻBֽˡһǡײxڡx۱F(xin)

        ˇg(sh)ĹܣɆݔ(do)R_̻D(zhun)^cݡƽȌԒcpI(lng)ġԒ׷ʘ֮cй֮y(tng)һdžμζ½̻Ĺ@Ǒˇg(sh)ġˌW(xu)ˇg(sh)ϵıF(xin)ˡ桱Щf@һc؄e80ġ̽򄡡^cݡĽcH߬F(xin)ǣвٮ(dng)ƷּǞfѡ^cݡƽȵČԒcp׃Ɇ򡰽̌(do){ݛՓď^ƳЧ¡W(xu)(x)ݵġӡ@rѼg(sh)(dng)ˇg(sh)ή(dng)˼롱ָ߮(dng)򄡑(yng)Pġ@`֮F(xin)ԵҪxӢuҺղء£Herbert Read1893-1968ԡF(xin)۹JָҪһZƹŵx(ni)Ԓ҂F(xin)ڣһ؞F(xin)ŵxΌƵľͬķNN̗l^ǣÁƺ͉˵Ļܵľ@Щ|QF(xin)κɛQ죬ֻһN˵[2]@Ȼ^ɛQ족ֻƽȌԒcĽY(ji)
        ǷN{^֮ϡݔκ͵^đMֶҲˡˇg(sh)̎ġδ͡а`ԻKÓ˹ŵxǷNˡʩԡƺ͉֡ıڮ(dng)ʷԡ޷ޑ򡱡Ӱ򡱞Щ^tɫ(jng)䡱@Nŵx҂ԷQ֮顰xŵxŵxđ

        򄡵ČW(xu)Z_ZRԼY(ji)(gu)ʽm(yng)F(xin)cF(xin)^ҪMбҪĸԒZ͟⡢F(xin)ʹF(xin)ŴҲҪϬF(xin)˵p(x)Tij_O(sh)ӋMڱF(xin)µľ(ni)Ą(chung)@һΑB(ti)}Ƞ򄡵|(zh)⚤c򄡵ľ(ni)P(gun)Щ־кܴĚvʷ(wn)cĻĹͨнSìܡ(f)sĬF(xin)@MܸDZҪģǷ¡ԺЩ|(zh)⚤ƷdzF(xin)(ni)soF(xin)Կ硰ĸеġӰ90ijЩsr֡ذb^˶Ŀ^Ʒ򡱴ˡĻ|(zh)׃^^
        侫׃t^y^@o҂ʷһReάF(xin)ԡ΄(w)҇ĻD(zhun)Ļϵ̓cƽӹһձF(xin)󣬸ܽСάF(xin)ԡ_y҂ҕ

        c(dng)

        һԒ@50Ї(dng)򄡾׃ľǾǣ򄡆Եcؽf򄡬F(xin)ԵĚȱcޏ(f)@fҪָꑺ_۰ĵrͬɡ_Enlightenment顰ЇŴСΆɡ֮ftС_ǡ֮ՓՓɡڬF(xin)飺˵ľķԵڰнųʹ֮F(xin)һԽȫĬF(xin)ˡеČW(xu)ָģ20oƌW(xu)fġF(xin)dž˼fġԑ(yng)„(w)ǬF(xin)ԵĻA(ch)(c̎xһ)

        [3]Ї~_F(xin)Ěvʷ֮ɵ΄(w)c֮ͬrR˼xֻܴܰ憢xǰF(xin)ķNNʹɱ`xČ(do)^ɡԵȏ(f)sF(xin)ˣ硰W(xu)W(xu)ߣѡġcĸɻһՄ(yng)ԓfdžl(f)˷Եġĸ@ӷF(xin)¼ǡǡ෴džɵŤ׃ʧ@N1949֮Aľ޴ؓЧ(yng)f@һ}@ڑҲ@F(xin)ںƽl(f)չrSƷsM˸͑(zhn)ġˎζһζ׷ǷNֻڡвſеĘO˵˼Sͱ_ʽֲcԼ˵О鷽ʽˇg(sh)F(xin)бϷȵȡ

        ĵfx(yng)YxЬF(xin)ԣĚvʷ΄(w)(yng)ǽQYx]ܽQĽ(jng)Ļc˼˵ĬF(xin)}ȻvʷsŒ˸۵·Ї@ӵδ(jng)^F(xin)I(y)O(sh)xȱλʹͨ^ֶҲyԳԽYxĬF(xin)ԶF(xin)ĵ·f1949֮ǰxgcF(xin)߀ijNدBԒָЕrF(xin)_ٵ·ô1949֮ġxg@NدB㲻ҲfҲֻܿܿƁCF(xin)O(sh)ǂ˙(qun)I(lng)¾͑(yng)ԓЂI(lng)¾ҪQ^׌˰ѳȺ(qun)ַ򡣡[4]^A^m(x)οԛ_һСoa(chn)AόӽĻI(lng)?q)ȫ挣ȵֻꐸČxˡȺ(qun)xˆԵĻҲxR˼xĻԭĶһڬF(xin)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)򄡣L@Ǯ(dng)ʷϣڡʮꡱ͡ĸrڣ]ܳF(xin)1949֮ǰǂF(xin)rڳF(xin)^đ򄡴Һͽ(jng)ĸԭخmȻˮ(dng)Ҳò꡷ճԭҰˡǘӵļ䄓(chung)쾫ήsֱŸf`̫ࡱʹȦȦ߅MXRxôXD(zhun)Ӳء@ӵԒ|ָ؟(z)ָ؟(z)Ҫܣ܃ɹԽԽλˡwƱʾҵIJM[5]@cˇg(sh)wRKԡ̫ܵwˇ]ϣһ˼njʧȥˆԺͬF(xin)RĻh(hun)ʹ෴˼

        bڌĻxIJMĸ֮ȥλ☋(gu)ɡĿ̖@N^c˃ɂ`^(q)һcɻһՄ
        \y(tng)ˇ򄡣Ľ̻ܼcεP(gun)ϵ

        @ȁһ}cmȻе“(lin)ϵȫһĻϵ\Еrܕ׃\ӣ
        \ЕrҲɵďԳȻȫġeOxֻһȣˡc΄tȻЃcؓeOcOxcxЃɂȣˡcˡԵcԵġc_McѣڰӵcǔһкڰӵξSoy(tng)εֶ˿ֲ֮⣬ǿɼ˼ɱcūˡ]^s߀ѸZеġW(xu)ČW(xu)߰ѡġcĸһՄҲδcεIJ醢cβһڡʮꡱ͡ĸđвŕF(xin)λՏRcF(xin)ԷҊĬF(xin)60cĸеġ޷ޑӰ򡱾^f@һF(xin)򄡞η(w)(yng)(dng)?sh)ͬrҪ򄡵ĆxĻrֵ(do)򣬾͌򄡵Ľl(f)չʮкʧȥˆcF(xin)ĠTգֻЃɷNܣιͼ

        򄡵Ľ̻ܼcεP(gun)ϵҲǞ_Uvʷ횳һ}_Ȼ_ĿsӰͲȫÓxҲǑҪF(xin)ČֱӞη(w)ԱF(xin)Ҫ鼺εđ򄡽΄20oPolitical TheatreP(gun)IڑcεP(gun)ϵǜ\ǴС@NP(gun)ϵDzƽȵġ҂кͷ񶨵ġλη(w)ָǷN򄡞ūrǰcɞ锳֮r@ӵᳫ򄡵Ľ̻ܲ򄡞η(w)^̻@ָƄ˵|(zh)B(yng)ɺ;ǰfھI(lng)ġԒǑ_@һĿĵֶ܌W(xu)ָ̻ЃɷNһNwF(xin)˵ġԡ֮˵ձڿwϾSoԵı|(zh)Ҏ(gu)һN^ġ̻tǡǡ෴ǾSoǰ֮˵ձԳMƫҊĽ(jng)xe½M@NϴXʽġ̻Ư̖[6]T⽨ġTy^ĸеġѪy(tng)ՓΨɷ֡ՓӰ򡱡ȡɽ~r(nng)|(zh)áԼڽŵȵ@Щ|Mн̻nje½᣿R˼fԡ˼W늡ˡųɞˡHϾnjһN̻µˡšɞǰһN̻µˡ[7]

        C^(dng)50ԵcؽԻF(xin)ԵĚȱcޏ(f)ľ۵@ڮ(dng)׃Ěvʷ^wıF(xin)

        (dng)׃Ěvʷ^

        Ї(dng)򄡵׃ڽ(jng)ΡĻc˼˵ď(f)s׃ЕrcζRΑB(ti)׃ֱP(gun)ڴꑺ_ڑˇg(sh)(ni)NNصLt۶[εc@Щ׃“(lin)ϵˣ򄡵Ěvʷ@һAԁ@NvʷAԮ(dng)ȻԵǰ֮gЅ^(q)e“(lin)ϵ@NvʷAڴꑡ_ۡTвͬZĻ֮y(tng)һijNơP(gun)֮̎1978ꡪ1989ġ˼šc_1987ġ򄡵İl(f)չ^شӰ򄡄(chung)ĬF(xin)xF(xin)x׃c_šµĻ֮P(gun)ϵڃɰĵصđ򄡰l(f)չоКvʷɌ@낀o(dng)У򄡵ĆcF(xin)r[rF(xin)rrm(x)(dng)ȱλεһ֮r͕a(chn)һNF(xin)đ_1950ꡪ1960ġ턡ꑡʮꡱcĸеġA޷ޑӰ򡱣ԇԴꑑ򄡞Ҫ^쌦g_ۡ50vʷ^¡

        һcF(xin)Rĵġʮꡱ1949(qun)1966ꡰĸl(f)F(xin)(x)QʮꡱǮ(dng)򄡵ĵһvʷr1957֮ǰꑑ򄡵ĆcF(xin)R߀ٳн1949ǰxľw50ڵġDŮ_hXСڽY(ji)顷һеRcx“(lin)ϵ@N“(lin)ϵc(qun)ĸힿһġ횜ϡ׌˾סh(hun)ĸcĸм֮顣mӺˡĹӲּӽ[ĸ(do)ݺ֮һ݆Tıڮ(dng)rH߼tKԸȺ򡱣{(dio)ģ醢ҪxġȺ(qun)硱ҕǣ˺ʮ깩εġ힄hI(lng)䣩֮L(fng)ɴ˶ʼ

        19561957ϰڇH(ni)˼볱c΄³F(xin)^һꇶ̕ġ˼š֮L(fng)cF(xin)Ŗ^D[ÓA̗l`|֮ġķN(yng)\ԒBֽˡijF(xin)һʮҪ̖Hٰь׷c(qun)ĸ“(lin)ϵ෴и(qun)‚ܵijNJ|һЄð^̆}˴µ̖硰wxhI(lng)(do)֮еꐸ󐺵ķ⽨֮˽ǂF֧ίغMڡMZёҕ˽ֱZ˵ɡŮ˹BͯУR[Ó_ijN`l(wi)΄(w)DŽHxѲ֮ġBҪ@Ȼ@ǡġrwF(xin)֮F(xin)ġײx׷˵cԣ϶˵؟(z)IJԣ50٬F(xin)ܵA؄ĴҲӭ@ɡ˼š֮L(fng)ġL(fng)ѩҹwˡخġˡ1957ڱݡ˃Ʉa(chn)40F(xin)򄡽(jng)֮ͻF(xin)˵`Xˌɵľ׷󡣬F(xin)ԼBֽˡ^ķNijF(xin)fˑ򄡼҂ԳֆcF(xin)Rl(f)PĬF(xin)򄡾񡱵ĿFŬ

        Ȼ1957ꡰɡ֮ڇH(zhn)֮ҲP(gun)ڡHa(chn)x\ӡՓ(zhn)Сޡ̖(q)ʹ£Ї򄡵ĆcF(xin)RѸήs֮ˌW(xu)ă(ni)ݱA޷ޡʽϼMHݛՓֱӿˑ򄡵ľ(do)ԆcF(xin)R龫(ni)ġ挍ˡ_ʧˣ֮Pν̗lһܼľżһĘVġ^hġP(gun)h䡷@ӵĺÑ֮1958F(xin)ԭ򡪡ǰ힄·Ҵfrıo߄t˼oĻ˵ęCһ򄡄tƿͬСtԺһͬh߀Сʮˮ앳ٮ(dng)rĻh(hun)Pꡢ̓ġSM֮L(fng)څr(yng)֮ҲֻǮ(dng)ʧӛ䛡60һF(xin)A޷ޡđ򣨰Ԓ͑ڄ(chung)̖QǡxF(xin)x򡰸F(xin)xcxY(ji)ϡHϴ󶼿ɷQ֮顰ŵx֮ˇg(sh)ֶΣZY(ji)(gu)ȣAMtꐸľ(ni)(dng)rL(fng)һrġǧfҪӛһS֮󡷡ɎXȾٴe硶޺µڱmȻˇg(sh)F(xin)ĹһIһ挍wÓ{(dio)Aƽ׃·(sh)˄ѴеġL(fng)ҕʹˉħ@HķF(xin)A򡣮(dng)r򄡵·ԽԽխ1959ͬr岿ݣӢģ1960ͬr߲ʮһAֵܡݣͬһ1962t11҄Ժݳ(j)ӛСfľͬԒtrMиAĽ1963ͬr15ԒFwݡhļ҄硶tɫhhͬ־W(xu)(x)^hһٱČעNNɡF(xin)أ@f·µġ}ěQՓʹĿҊؚ_196070嵽ҦһȔL(fng)ȑ򄡼ҾĿһµĄ(chung)ϽY(ji)ˡ턡Ćһؚĕr
        ڴm196162̕ġ{(dio)S֮ԸӲ·

        (c̎xһ)

        ԏصF(xin)Rȫȱġĸr1966ꡰĸl(f)1976顰ˎ̖͡Qĸʮꡱ䌍ĸľvϿ196312c6ëɖ|P(gun)ˇ}ăɴΎаl(f)ӡĸζʾ¿1978йY(ji)ĸl(f)˼š\֮r@15Ǯ(dng)ʷĵڶrҲdžԏص⡢F(xin)Rȫȱһʷ^ĸ]κxϵĸԺMl(f)@һrڵһ˼ˇg(sh)F(xin)ϼM|(zh)ϵ¶fƷ˂Ӱ򡱣tӛɳ亡ȡɽu׻Fۡ脡tɫ܊ëŮ푘峪ɳ亡䎧һڶӰ򡱣硶힡ƽԭ(zhn)Nɽʯȣ@һrڵġtɫ(jng)䡱ՓĴֵһСֱͬ־ίнͬ־_IJˇՄoҪġՄˎϺČӰl(f)ڡt졷s־196967ںϿġu˹̹˹˹wϵԼĻÌӡY(ji)Ӱ򡱽(jng)硶ЇvʷĉՄӰijɾͺxʮ꡷ՓҪcУһհסՓČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ȫrֵJvʷһЃ(yu)Ʒ(dng)˵xJ顰oa(chn)AČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ġH衷ԁһƬհF(xin)ڡӰa@һհ΄(w)ՓJ򄡵ĸ΄(w)^ġoa(chn)AӢ@ӵռI(lng)_ǡoa(chn)AόӽĻI(lng)?q)ȫ挣ĄͻՓҪƷwϵǣͻͻӢӢͻһӢ

        ĸⲿF(xin)ΑB(ti)ijЩhF(xin)(ni)ڌ|(zh)ǷF(xin)ġӰ򡱱ϿҲijNF(xin)ԡ@һNάF(xin)ĚvʷϿ(dng)Ї⽨ǰF(xin)ĻF(xin)Ļ(zhn)r(qun)Ľy(tng)(yng)(yng)ĵһĻԱnjĻMЄxcֽ|(zh)֮Ͼ֮ġЌW(xu)wW(xu)ááһĻ֮wF(xin)Ӱ򡱵|(zh)⚤Ǹ߶ȬF(xin)ģҲfǸ߶ȡğⲼЧx_F(xin)Ƽ
        ķbO(sh)ӋҲǰF(xin)xҪ
        ࣬Ǵđ푘DгһꂥķՇǣ@N̖Q֡F(xin)đ侫(ni)s϶һЩڷ⽨xĻĖ|Ѫy(tng)ՓTy^hӢ۳cŵՓڡՓ֧F(xin)R@Ӱ򡱾Ͳ̮ܿF(xin)R^µ˺˵\԰ռ_һߡȫġӢ]ЂԣyRԄe]СˡǞ͏ijNO(sh)õġ̖ͽf̓ٵġһƬƬ~NĴ[8]fڡӰЇ򄡵ĬF(xin)ѽ(jng)ص׽wʮg򄡵ĆcF(xin)Rֻڡ¡B(ti)д_đв̶ͬȵm(x)

        ؽcF(xin)RsġSr19771989Ї(dng)ʷĵr@10꣬ɰĵصđ򄡶һsġSrڴ1976顰ˎ͡vʷxhh^@һw¼1978й11ȫY(ji)ĸ·܁ymȻ@߀Lԁ١󡱵Ė|_ˡ˼šlTČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ĆcF(xin)R(f)KѸͰl(f)չ_S1984꽛(jng)֮HɻƶȻ1986h12ȫθµĆc1987ġˇ·ȻҲ͸F(xin)һ;ˡ?q)ĸĿֶ֑һζM70_ʼעرF(xin)cY(ji)ˇg(sh)кܴl(f)չ1974СֳߡTˇİl(f)չҲзeOx@һ׃˼ɞ鱾ע`ꡰԒĬF(xin)򄡾񡱵ĸߓPfʮ@һcĴꑑ򄡿wfꑡĸĽY(ji)_ľзeOӰ푡

        F(xin)򄡾񡱏ď(f)KߓPһ^̵ġһ_ʼّMСˎ͡ģHHǞ顰ϸɲڡĸʧȥ(qun)ѣ΃A˼Sʽcˇg(sh)߀һףfw߀ǡʮꡱ͡ĸ·ӣڲͬ˵Ŀ񶨡ĸĺxǸͬġӵĻrֵ^Ϗص׷񶨡ĸ߀ٔ(sh)ʹ1978F(xin)ġڟo•̎⡷Vɽ@һÑҲ߀ͣڡˎ͡ζϵġȻ1979l(f)һD(zhun)ۣһđӳF(xin)J|}Һ􆾸ĸ_Mоđ򄡳F(xin)硶ġ󴺻(qun)cδنȾ@ǘ־cF(xin)R֮XF(xin)򄡾񡱳ߓPĵһƷǡġɳ~سɡҦ£@Ǯ(dng)rP(gun)ĵġߺT}ҵĸ֮L(fng)Hυs|h͇ҙ(qun)ʹcO(jin)_ˬF(xin)wؙ(qun)Ac󱊵ì@һeyʮеΆ}@һ}˽30Ľ죬͸@޴ĬF(xin)ԺͼJԓϺݳһ޴cQһҲA؄ďҲMǸߌP(gun)עչ_ӑՓM@ӑՓˇ\ӺͶǘY(ji)@һrԡF(xin)ԘOĺÑ׃ͬr߀Ӱ̫ꖺˡӰČW(xu)С١Ҳӵ|˕rͬF(xin)}θʹP(gun)עrF(xin)挍ӳF(xin)˵ľ׷JpʻS֮ݵđ1980Ѹˡ

        ȻĻB(ti)ݾcͬȻЇF(xin)IJѽ(jng)ֹͣôcF(xin)RҲͲر⡣19801989Ї򄡾һǰM֮̽·ھָČ}ı¶cvʷĻ׷c˼g؞Ժ˵`̽c
        ڄ(chung)cF(xin)ֶ(jng)vˏĔPάF(xin)x֏(f)F(xin)xy(tng)W(xu)(x)bF(xin)x^̡@vġ̽Ȱ1982Աˇݳ^̖_˵ġС\ӡԡh񌦂y(tng)ģʽ͑B(ti)қ_ҲcڏVx򄡵˼cˇg(sh)ϵ׃@Щ̽׃fġλ˼S͆һؚ_^شá(yng)ԓf@10ǬF(xin)򄡾񡱴l(f)P10꣬ҲǸҌʮꡱ͡ĸf10@һrČW(xu)͑򄡽һɲСġ桱˼Lڽy(tng)ČW(xu)͑򄡵A̗lxΌx֧εfđģʽMкͷ@Nкͷ5060ҲF(xin)^΢̕ѸRΑB(ti)ȥ80@һΣs˸ĸ_֮ˡ򡱣ᄞ顰˼m؄ƉģKƱǰMՓ̈́(chung)`ϸ׃Ї(dng)򄡰l(f)չڅʹ򄡵˼gˇg(sh)gõ˿ǰĔUչ@10S(yu)ㄡ|(zh)⚤;(ni)϶–|ӵwF(xin)̎˼֮еЇǷNeO_šPϵľB(ti)ֻ@r򄡲ŌF(xin)ˡھI(lng)ġԒųˡľ֮ĵһᵽԒɣƺo¡ܲcޡЩ80ă(yu)ㄡӵCеğoɌɞ齛(jng)֮֮@10đǾشvʷx40Sr֮һ߷f̱xҲ^

        80ڣl(f)ˡ^ĴӑՓ@Ǒ^m(x)֮̽·ıF(xin)Ȼ(dng)ˇg(sh)o_wƵ`r^֮·̽Ҳֻˇg(sh)ȦD(zhun)D(zhun)ڡġ֮RĆ}^m(x)ŬԳ˼_A̗lx`ڄ(chung)ϔPάF(xin)x֏(f)򄡵ġˌW(xu)λ_ϱF(xin)挍挍(dng)rġ^ӑՓsHHǞ˽oF(xin)x_·һ_ʼֻݲRϣ؞鎟äĿذѬF(xin)x鹥˹̹˹˹锳䌍˹̹wϵġˌW(xu)(ni)cF(xin)xhȲRϣصġҊкЇHքڡĸб^܁yӑՓ@_}Ҳ^Ⱦ͡Ya(chn)AɻΉֻһЩˇg(sh)Ɇ}Ć}ϼmp塪ٶԡcԡ_XcƳ_XJͬĶ‰cƵĶ‰gxЧcQЧc⡱ȵ@Щ}Ļش𱾁ǃɿɵo횷Ǵ˼˵ؠՓݡMӑՓ_^ĽcС֮do@_򄡾ĺĆ}`ϵɡԒcƽȽڼg(sh)ʽÄ@ʹ80δܮa(chn)ƷҲʽʧM򄡴l(f)չęCͬr߀90򄡵ġ|(zh)g(sh)ANǰ

        ģSr^ƽӹ19902000@20o10ҕ鮔(dng)򄡵ĵĂvʷr˾šL(fng)OӰЇ˵ľB(ti)O󽩻؁DáL(fng)ęC񶨸ĸ_ŵľ޴ɾͣЇص·ȥ[9]mȻF(xin)MѲȫֹθĸcҎ(gu)Ј(jng)M,ʹ|(zh)ƽӹĻDyD(zhun)Įrֵy̓cƽӹ׺B͸һI(lng)½☋(gu)cF(xin)RĺF(xin)xcW(xu)ɳ˄ݶ@ЩOF(xin)ƲӰµ_Ͱl(f)@һr@fO˼̧^cߵġfҲfˇg(sh)(chung)ؚp˄tǡ桱|(zh)⚤{(dio)٩tɫ(jng)䡱oɣ@һЌؽ辫ɺ͸߶Ȅ(chung)đ򄡁fǘO鲻һֻX͡(qun)]ˡ롱͡Ԋ顱ôкõđ򄡮a(chn)wf90Ǒ򄡾ήs_̓ٷsĕrwƃ(ni)ķNNuͅRݻ򄡵Ͱl(f)չfٟoһܿ׃bֶ(dng)ֻX㡰̡򣬠Ҫʹ򄡵Ą(chung)urwƻMʧȥˇg(sh)l(f)RfġȤζĸ [10]f80кÑu90tȑҪ헲90ԁ_۰đڡF(xin)˼Ӱ푣^Zԡ򄡡֮L(fng)ɞrل(chung)ݳҲw\cƽӹ

        C^90׃څcֵע⣺

        ȣƷ|(zh)⚤_bA^Spectaclew򄡾(ni)ؚևԻ^x義ؑ^ʢ¡ԒwϹƒS÷򡶻ŮˡȑAIJ(c̎xһ)

        ٴ˶Ŀġ^ȡˡ^cݡھϵƽȡԒͨ^ĉŔ࣬ͨ^o횑(yng)ʾ˱ӵؽһo^xĂ硱[11]

        ֮_Եďž˼dwČW(xu)r90đČW(xu)ή@c˵ľؚĿڅͬVһfǣһı팧(do)ľfmʴ_]кõľ֧Σʽܳɞһfˡ^@һ׵Ĵڡᵽġؑ^ʢ¡wϹƒŮˡһđoԡĺAȡČW(xu)ԶǺܲġеĄи@һ΄Լ_Ťġӡoζŵ@Ʒİl(f)һĽKY(ji)[12]@Nڅټϴ󱊊ʘʽĶӻcýwĻŔ࣬ĿgͺС

        ٴΣcσc“(lin)ϵ֮桱ĹܱÛ|˼oеĹ܄t^桱^ͣڸйٴ̼A@njҎ(gu)ĻЈġ협(yng)ҲnjθһеġӡǾؚʧıF(xin)Մˇg(sh)ԻӘС˘90Ñ֮ԽԽ٣Ñ֮˅sԽԽƱָwđ򣬰һЩh̖Сԡ桱ȡٵġ@NB(ti)еһȫӷ񶨣γˡͲһNF(xin)

        90đ򄡱Mܿwϳ»څڽ(jng)Ļ˼@Щھ۵F(xin)׃D(zhun)еČW(xu)ˇg(sh)Ҳ߀pصѭxcF(xin)Ե·ǰl(f)չ80ľy(tng)δȫ^һЩõĺͱ^õđ_ԒҦhmȻ(do)ݣнʩˡ^xbԲʧһ˼ˇg(sh)ѵy֮߬F(xin)xĻڡԡ֮ČW(xu)飬ڄЏҵıF(xin)ֵһı^(yu)Ԓ߀Сt¡ƣe^ʿУBˡ~ˡˡΣwҫ񣩵90đmo80ġܲcޡǘӵļ󻴄c_飩@򡶶cϡʽܣӡr(nng)@һЩĿ^ӰQһr֮x⣬90СҲ^m(x)ի@mںF(xin)xӰ³F(xin)˷Zԡȥ˼ġ桱򄡵ĬF(xin)˼ϾxŮʿڣһoxߵSoKϾxȣfС򄡵ķfh򞡱ľҲ߀^m(x)˼ġƴNַHʽؽbF(xin)ڃ(ni)υs^80HЛ_Ļо

        (dng)˂վס20oβ˻^ȥǽ50򄡵Ěvʷ(jng)ͽӖ(xn)rNNLڷe۵Ć}εġ˼Փˇg(sh)ġĽQϣ21o

        (dng)򄡵Ļ

        ǰЇ(dng)򄡰_ۡTĂ؅^(q)đ@塢ZĻy(tng)һ(dng)ȻҲͬĻZ˼S_ʽĻYԴȷĹͬԡ(dng)҂wՓ19492000@낀oЇ(dng)򄡵ĻrҪزՄ@NͬՄ@һr֮(ni)cF(xin)P(gun)ϵγɵһЩwԴ_đ򄡞@һr֮(ni)дҲ܏f}

        һ@50Ĵ󲿷֕rg(ni)ĻȫČ򄡵ιԉˇg(sh)䡰ˌW(xu)λȫ򲿷ֵ׌oˡΡλ^힡hI(lng)䣩Ƕ^턡A򡱡޷ޑ̑ԼNN(ji)ՑIY򡱵ȵǶ@ӵđ򄡲܌F(xin)^cݡ֮gƽȽ`Ԓ@ӵĬF(xin)֮Ҫ󣬶ǽ^ӵؽΡ̌(do)
        @ӵđݔRΑB(ti)һԪĻ(ni)cεĘ(gu)ɴǹʽ@ӵġcӖ(xn)Ia(chn)ıȻԣһrںһ֮(ni)һġԡѡġԁԡˡ鱾ĬF(xin)x؆һؚʳW(xu)߷Q顰MF(xin)x򡰂άF(xin)xPseudo-realism

        ġrڡˡĬF(xin)ĻǶԪǕrЇTĻ˵xxxxR˼xxoxȵ˼IJͬ(c)ͬǶȱЇ˽ܣĶҲ̶ͬȵƄ^Ї˼ĻĬF(xin)MԪ˼y(tng)һһ˼šԽɵij֮1949֮ˡĬF(xin)ĻtһԪK“(lin)ġxԡȡˬF(xin)K“(lin)xF(xin)xЇġF(xin)xcxY(ji)ϡ(chung)ԭtļs±F(xin)A^m(x)һ¸ָQ@һF(xin)Ǿᵽ^ġxŵxŵx@ӵġλȻ_򄡵ĆԺͬF(xin)RؽȡˑеĺɡľÓx@NġǰǛQȻȫ󱊵˸ġ

        ڶ(dng)򄡵һĻ_ġԡ茑}һֱcԡļJ@λλıȻY(ji)195060_ġ턡dž{(dio)ο̖ʽ@·ӱ_򄡽ʿٗꑵġA޷ޑcӰ򡱸Lڷǡˡȥ桱조񡱮ūԴˁŤĨ˵Ăcū˵ͬrҲҪһЩˡ硶ٳD^AˡĿ̮ͬҲnjԵ˵x͆xһҪǰᣬdzJˡSԺ͏(f)sJ˵Ăԡx Individualism gxHYxõJl(f)չR˼xҲ{Լ˼wϵԵɰl(f)չҕδҪĿa(chn)hԡfǴAAYa(chn)Af@һ“(lin)wÿ˵ɰl(f)չһ˵ɰl(f)չėl[13] ѸĬF(xin)˼ЇĬF(xin)e
        g(sh)˱Զˡ˵ĬF(xin)cP(gun)ϵǣʹ֮Xԏɳ֮D(zhun)ˇ[14]mᘌЩԡҡڠɵ^cfゃ˵ɣǞҠゃԼ˸񣬱ǞҠ˸ƽȵćҲһȺūŽ[15]@fġƽȵćҡcѸfġˇǬF(xin)ҵͬxZЇֻгɞ@ӵġˇԏ磬˵ġɳ֮ֻcūŶ]ƽȵĹćңtֻh׸xǡײxĺĺ`ƄЇ֮F(xin)P(gun)ҪȻڂy(tng)Ļ֮xӵӰġIndividualismxxmЇĻвȫoc֮ͨڵYԴ20oЇ֮rsұ`xc1907ѸָһZЇδ̖QRr֮ʿԞԍƈuc\ͬδ֪`麦֮xҲeĿ䌍Ȼӡ[16] Ѹf@N`1949֮ژO˼cF(xin)RȱλӇڡġĻ\xߴ•ƉĂԵf֮ԭ[17]1958sȫ^ˣˇI(lng)܊ܓPڿY(ji)ɡĈ桶ˇ(zhn)ϵһqՓĽ(jng)ëɖ|Ķfxxf֮ԴԭԴ֮eԭˣĻ↢ԣ˵ĬF(xin)ĚvʷҪc˿(dng)ȻҲ^|19561957F(xin)ġķNՓБйr(nng)NǂԵģʽ@һ•m֣ˮ(dng)򄡌^Ҏ(gu)ɵĝҪ19791989@ʮg˼֮һڰl(f)˵Ăϳ_桱c֮ă(yu)ㄡ@ЩnjxкͷɽȫĂԽY(ji)ϳɵļwǏģѸġˇ󚢂Ե^wx|(zh)ϲ^һNTotalitarianism,ֱgǡwxJһߟoϵwʹ@ġɵġw(qun)@ͽoO(qun)x͂΂xĽY(ji)ṩһgڌ(do)׷ԽʼO˵؉ւԽK@һɵı[18](dng)򄡾c@NɵıDy۵Čm(x)ġy(tng)_ͨδĬF(xin)֮·

        F(xin)cF(xin)ČʹЇ(dng)γһĻ۹Ļxķġr1940۹ȫĻ1949֮_ֻ1970Ļ_ꑄt۹D(zhun)K“(lin)͡xꇠIĻǡ]B(ti)cĬF(xin)׷P(gun)۹ܵкͷ񶨣ָ؟(z)顰x⡱ꑑm(x)c“(lin)ϵǡĸ_ʮĻxı؃A̧^F(xin)ԵĽɫĻxĻĹ֮ͬͨ̎Կǽ^@(dng)cĻ֮rʹ]IJաߡMĻġ廯}@ijЩvʷl®(dng)ȻһıȻcvʷV҂^廯ЃɷNһNǷeO_͵JĻĹ֮ͬͨ̎cڰЩ(yu)Ė|Á
        һNO]͵JĻĹͬrֵcԡ⡱MĻԡ廯ȡF(xin)Ԓ20oЇĕr(dng)Ȼһ廯Ć}@һ}ĽQĻxfôy͇f1920tֵܵȺϺ_ݳA֮šI(y)⵽ʧfԒġ廯߀һІ}Ԓô1924򄡅f(xi)(zh)(do)̵ӡ@ɹtfԒݳʽѽ(jng)ɹرֲЇ_@ѽ(jng)~ˡ廯Ҫһ

        ԒČW(xu)Ą(chung)fЇԒһ_ʼڡ廯·ϵġһhWٻcy(tng)ˇg(sh)YԴ䄓(chung)ʹȡԒ@NʽZL(fng)ˇg(sh)ζԼƷ(ni)еǷNF(xin)ЇˡľoǡЇ˵30ЇԒڅʲôС족ѽ(jng)׃ɵصصЇF(xin)򄡵һNʽһNΑB(ti)lfhخܵ˵ЩԒЇF(xin)򄡵Ľ(jng)ΛrЇԒĮa(chn)Ͱl(f)չҲǃHHһˇg(sh)ʽĆ}ЇĻF(xin)һ˵ĬF(xin)tҪă(ni)ݡġԁԒĆx䌦˵ĬF(xin)׷֪@ӿڿՕrP(gun)ڑʽӑՓǷN񶨡ġɾġ廯̖(c̎xһ)

        @ȻAsA(f)xx廯Hϳr(nng)񻯣|(zh)һNĻxAıF(xin)ĴԒͱMһԭͲǡЇġ^ıخh겻ɡ족廯΄(w)@˼·40Ӱ1949֮ꑣԒġ廯cġxġ˵đ򄡡xϵĬF(xin)򄡱Y

        廯ǰǬF(xin)@߉݋sˡ^ɫ׷Ҳ׃˾ܽ^MĻēƣ߳ɞ(f)fͬxZ픶ͣijЩg(sh)ֶκʽصİúģ

        90Ļx˼ķEһNǶǵ^cJ飺ԽľԽġҰѴԒİl(f)(qun)w֮Ѹ䌍Ѹд1934419ꐟfF(xin)ڵČW(xu)Ҳһеطɫʵ׳ɞeעȥЇ֮[19]Ոעطɫʡڡԡeע⡱Ҳǫ@ˡx˼@vˇg(sh)еġ󮐡sˇg(sh)rֵJͬеԆ}ˡ߉݋(yng)ԓ@ӵģһxˇg(sh)ȻǾɫһоɫˇg(sh)Գɞġ

        ֮(ni)c|(zh)⚤ڏ(f)sĻ_ͻʧȥCĽy(tng)һʧΡxĬF(xin)ڮ(dng)Еrаl(f)ǰ(dng)ЇĻ(zhn)r|(zh)֮Ͼ֮ġĻֽ⡱Փஔ(dng)ЧظT`؄eǮ(dng)@Nֽ⡱ՓcAκĻxY(ji)ϵĕr䌦򄡵ؓӰǾ޴dzF(xin)ˡάF(xin)ԡ}Щ|(zh)⚤¡(ni)f^F(xin)򄡡ġF(xin)ԡһNάF(xin)ԡ1957걱_ϳF(xin)ġٳD䌧(do)ݵַcO(sh)ӋǺܡF(xin)ģ䡰ɡּϵľ(ni)sʮfģČR1963Ϻ_ϳF(xin)ġMⲿF(xin)ַϾ͸¡ˣ(ni)ڵġꡱsvsˮ(dng)r޷ޡ΃(ni)Hp֪Rӂ׷ķxAǺ@ġwF(xin)άF(xin)ԡ棬Ӱ򡱾͸ӵZǺܡF(xin)@ԲⲿF(xin)ֶfஔ(dng)ġȻĺľsһcҲF(xin)̎ڷ]ԵġҹԴĻđB(ti)֮䡰顱MäĿԣrֵ^вǬF(xin)ķ⽨xĖ|ġӢĻĸfǂԵ`F(xin)W(xu)Ҫ׷֮֮֮҂fӰȫЇ򄡬F(xin)M@һŒP(gun)@N|(zh)⚤c(ni)IJy(tng)һڸf^@ӸԷĸûʮ(dng)Ȼѽ(jng)ˇg(sh)˥΢Ę־ͬrҲmӳă(ni)؄eǑ{ƴQă(ni)[20]90S|(zh)xÛcĻ̓ƽӹ֮L(fng)@һF(xin)А԰l(f)չЇʽV滯ġ^xԡԷĸûʡwҲʾˇg(sh)˥΢^ȡ˃(ni)g(sh)ȡˇg(sh)xʽȡȡ˄(chung)죬йٴ̼ȡˌ[21]򄡾ήsČW(xu)λ߅o֮@һF(xin)ձP(gun)ע

        Y(ji)Z

        20oЇ򄡸SĬF(xin)Ml(f)(f)s׃c(jng)ΡĻ׃“(lin)ϵc˼˵ĠB(ti)m(yng)m(x)y(tng)Ļ|(zh)Ļă(yu)ɹ(ni)c|(zh)⚤кܴĸº̈́(chung)Щ(yu)đʹЇ˽wԼʽh(hun)ԊʘԼpԼJRԼԼAԼĶ_ؾĿg(yu)Ļh(hun)@ЩÑ?q)ʷ棬ɞ?jng)

        cF(xin)RȁĻЇĻĜYԴcF(xin)ҪڑI(lng)׃һ_ʼF(xin)x֮dwЇ֮F(xin)͡ԒQcЇ֮ŵ䄡͡ĸĶʹǧ겻׃ġһԪB(ti)׃?yu)顰ԒԪB(ti)Ї򄡰l(f)չĻֻdžcF(xin)RwF(xin)҂ʮǰġЇF(xin)ʷ塷ѽ(jng)ָ^˵xxۇxԼ(chung)ϵĬF(xin)xȻں50򄡵ĬF(xin)M˸(f)sҲyReۺAMoԸӡF(xin)ĸXĸĽyʹЇXѡ`XcF(xin)R(jng)vˏ⵽ؽۚv̡

        R˼xcxȻM׷F(xin)ֻܰMһl(f)չ˵@ЩQܸc“(lin)ϵ20o50ĚvʷV҂c@ЩF(xin)R֮“(lin)ϵ(jng)Ļܽl(f)չ˼롢˾ͳMݡF(xin)򄡾񡱾͕ߓP֮@N“(lin)ϵӖ(xn)ʮ֑Kʹ@һcHıijЩrǡĸrڑ򄡵uоͿ÷dzʹm(yng)(jng)ĻĸĸM˼롢˵M˞鱾O(sh)CЇF(xin)˜I(y)ҵԼǡ(dng)λãЇ򄡽ͬһ҂(yng)еŬ

        --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        [1] ꐰ׉mЇF(xin)ʷ塷1Ї򄡳1989档

        [2] []ղءR֮SСg151VW(xu)2001

        [3] []ER˾^F(xin)ԥ g181188퓣Ϻgij1996档

        [4] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615

        [5] ﱾ һ܊`ꡪخLՄ䛡2542K2001

        [6] []h˹W񡤼_ĬchgϾ14Ϻgij1999

        [7] []R˼ڸ񠖷܌W(xu)С(do)ԡҊR˼˹xһ151972

        [8] ͽ𣺡S䛡811x֪“(lin)1987档

        [9] oƣСƽͬ־S20048 

        [10] []׌ſˡR󣺡ՓƌW(xu)cˇg(sh)21̄(w)ӡ^1960

        [11] []²^35퓣ϾW(xu)2006ע^һ~҂ÕrJg鎧Hxġ^ԭ

        [12] ƣfҟ𡷣(chung)ӛ203퓣Ї2004

        [13] R˼˹xһ273퓣1972

        [14] ѸĻƫՓѸȫһ5057ČW(xu)1981

        [15] mBԼ˼롷mļ511512W(xu)1998

        [16] ѸĻƫՓѸȫһ5057ČW(xu)1981档

        [17] 棨˹꣩f֮ԭ³һ1̖191911գ

        [18] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615

        [19] Ѹȫʮ391ČW(xu)1981

        [20] []ڸ񠖣W(xu)❓gƒԵ281̄(w)ӡ^1981档

        [21] ՓЇ(dng)򄡾ήsͲSx˼m(x)121퓣ϾW(xu)2006

        P(gun)~ Ї(dng)

        cx

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