£ʲôdž
l(f)rg:2020-06-02 Դ: ӛȫ c
gߣ Уߣߣ
}עĸCatherine PorterӢgWhat is Enlightenment?Paul RabinowM. Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, The New Press, 1997, pp. 303-319.gıУӆDits et ecritsvol. IV., pp. 562-578, \"Quest-ce que les Lumieres?, Paris, Gallimard, 1994
I.
мs־Լx߂һ}@ôĿֻᘌÿ˶ѽҊijһ}ԃҊ˵óʲô|Dz̫ܵġ18oľtϲgЩПoQkĆ}Ҳ֪@NTǷЧһcԿ϶
ôfc@NL협178411@ôһҵڿ¿dˌһ}Ĵ}ǣʲôdžߣ
@SֻƪСҿ־Ȼij}˼ʷ@}F܌Wț]شҲδɹԔ[Ó@}ɰһֱԶNͬʽ؏Ժڸ_ʼg^ɻR˹fȻ˺ĬؐR˹]һN܌Wܻر@ͬһ}òijNֱӻgӵķʽ挦ô@Q醢ɣAufklärung¼@һ̶ϛQ҂˼¼ʲô҂Oһ¿Ȼڣx߂ԃ@һ}ʲôǬF܌WS҂ҲƵķʽF܌W@һN܌WһֱڱMԇDشɰǰdzQȻǂ}ʲôdžɣ
҂Mcµôcԭֵ҂Pע
1. HHڿ´İl(f)ăɂǰM. T ɣMoses MendelssohnҲͬһs־ͬһ}^ԼĴ͕rδxǰߵ܌W\ӮȻǡÏһ_ʼq̫Ļ°l(f)չT ɺRһڴǰs30ѽǂcֱǕr}߀ֻǞq̫Ļڵ˼бٳһϯ֮أRġq̫ˡо^@NLԇҪǴ_q̫˼c܌WͬRĆ}@T ڡ쳶`Փ`IJࡷ[1]顣ͨ^¿Ͽd@ƪ˂_ʼJRZеġAufklärungھwZġHaskalaͬһvʷ@ɂ~Ŭ_aĹͬ^SҲǽQijNͬ\[2]F҂֪ӵıˡ
2. Ȼԭ߀HHoՓ߀Ǿ̂y(tng)ȵĵ뵶һ}
@Ȼ܌W˼һԇD˼ĬFڣpresentǣw҂f@N˼ǰҪȡNʽ
(1) ԌFڱ@һضrͨ^ijЩڵԅ^(q)erͨ^ijЩ¼crx@NJRڰDġμƪԒJRԼ̎Щѭh(hun)еһ@ѭh(hun)֮uBl(f)NӵķԺ
(2) ͨ^@һNŬF|ԃԇDĬF֮нxijһ¼AʾԘ־ڴ҂յijNvʷጌWԭtW˹ԮԞ
(3) ߀ԌFijDcSڡ¿ƌWĩһL@һcеġ족ǡһNȫ˵鲼ȫٔλĪþڽy(tng)@硱
족߀ǡWޡ̎Wҫ˵ĹxҸƷS[3]
FڣɆ}ķʽȫһˣȷijˏČٵijһrǿԏwN־¼ҲijNɾ͵_һNȫǷԵķʽ綨ҕ֮顰Ausgangڡ·ՓvʷżҲ̽ӑijNvʷM̵Դߴ_@NM̃ڵĿՓڌTӑՓɵֻ̽ӑPFrԵĆ}ijNwԻKOĿĞAFijNcʲôӵIJ
3. Ҳڴ̽ӑ@ƪµļ(ji)^mȻsֻ̎̎ccԼJҪɫԱ⿵PFڵ܌W}ġ
_xָ醢ġ·һ҂ġ족B(ti)ų^fġ족ָĄt҂־ضB(ti)@NB(ti)ʹ҂Ҫ\ԵIs˙eӣһ҂֪ԣһλ҂һλt(y)҂Ҏ(gu)ʳ˕r҂̎ڲB(ti)֮ڴ혱һ䣺mf±δԣ҂߀Ǻ@cuζôfҎ(gu)ˆɵģnj־͌Ե\@ϵļȴPϵijND׃
҂Ҳע±@һ·ķʽஔ@·һNFһNM֮е^̣Ҳһ΄һxա_xָ˂IJB(ti)ؓ؟҂òƶֻԼ׃Լܔ[Ó@NB(ti)ֵעǣJ@һһlxĿ̖F@̖һNʾ־ijN˂ԓRe
߀һlһl˂ÁʾԼh˵Ľ̌ô@̌ʲôAude sapereJRҪȥ֪͛Qġ҂횼Ȱцһwc^ҕһ֮ɂɵО顣˼ԓ^̵ĘҪֳ䮔@ͬһ^̵Єߡc@һ^ԓ^еЄߣ^̵İl(f)˂QɞԸЄߞǰ
µ@F˵cyMenschheit@~ʹ÷ʽ֪ڿµĚvʷ^@һҪZ҂Ƿԓ@ô⣺ȫwˆ^@Nrô҂횰цɿӰ푵μB(ti)һNvʷ׃҂ǷҲ@⣺dž׃ʹ@@漰һ}@׃ʲôڴ˽oĻشஔĺôf@}ƺˣȺsஔs
Ҏ(gu)ҪÓIJB(ti)횾߂cǰǾԵƶԵģЂ⺭⺭
һcǰ_^(q)ַĵIc\ԵIÞ֪ıҪֻܷҪظ˲B(ti)
܊¼oΙڽ̙ͨʹľ@N˼SʽҪ_B(ti)ٱҪ֮rڱ֪ģMԸ\ԁ˼Sĕr҂ע̎ԭʹõĵ~ǡräsonierenСҲ^@~ָԵһN\njָһN\ԵضʽԄeoĿģ\Զ\ԼĶͬrԸ̽ӑ{ƶ
λMԼ̅^(q)ķ֮؟ڽ̽xɵ\ͨ^@ЩƺȫǬСµӣDV҂_B(ti)Ę־
҂ܕ룬@]ʲôer֪16oԁһֱ@ӵ⺭һֻҪ횷ĵ͑Ը˼ęҲ@һcijNஔ˳@ķʽһN^(q)Ե˽\c_\ã^SaԾ乫_\öԱɵ˽\Ät혏ĵ˼v@ͨ^֪෴
҂ٱ횰ц}ø_ЩfʲôˌԵ˽\ãһI˽\J飬˳ˡCϵһwX݆rԵ\þ˽µ\@ҲfаijNɫǏij헹ʿ{͕rһh(hun)(ji)
ɴ˰l(f)FԼ̎һλòضҎ(gu)tضĿġ@ôfҪ˂һζäҪ\ԼԕrҪm@ЩҎ(gu)r
ҲfԱ횏Č]ľwĿġ@һc҂fԲκɵ\
һ棬ijֻǞ\ԼԶ\һ\ԵڣǙCϵһwX݆\еһT@rԵ\þͱȻԓɺ_ɲHHǂJRԼ˼ɫ@ñϵ^ձ_\ñ˴˯BһĕrɲŕF
@҂Ȼͱ회µĂ}҂Լ˼ɰl(f)FԵձ\ã[Óκ˽˵Ŀģ邀ww
ͬ҂Ҳܺؿ@N\÷ʽοԲܵκ|һNķʽõCǷNԵĹ_\εõCأ҂ҊɲԓεӰ푵ȫwĿw^̣ҲԓHHҕ邀Ҏ(gu)ijNxFһΆ}Fʲôr}PIҪڂ˶M֔طĵrԵ\܉ȡҪĹ_ʽ֪ěQ܉ڴͥV֮µõ؞ڽYβ̎ԎȫĴoҴsһĽh҂ԷQ֮cԌ֮sthe contract of rational despotism with free reasonԹ_ɵ\ɞĵѱϡȻ@߀üһ헗lЩ횵õĵԭt횷ձ
ˣ҂µӑՓһҽzoJ@ƪ³ֱˆ
Ҳ]һλvʷWҕJ18oĩcĻD͵ķ˝M
ԒmM@ƪľwҲ^̧ڿwеĵλбҪ{@ƪcС֮gPHǰцһvʷDcmoment@һc_ʼ\ԼκΙ
Fǡǡ@Dc҂ҪУе΄ڴ_\ԵǰlĶ_҂֪ʲô҂ʲô҂ֿϣʲônjԵIJ\ϻXl(f)˽̗lxɣheteronomy
ֻ_\Եԭtܴ֮_ԵɣautonomyijNxρfӛdچ܉E
^fһеĕr
J飬֮߀бҪ{@ƪcvʷՓ֮gP@Щஔ̶Ͽfڴ_rgăںĿԼvʷڅĽKc(c̎xһ)
@ɵķ͌@Nvʷ綨ijB(ti)Mw\ӼλFr^@NͬrҲʾÿһ@һضĚvʷDcĂwζijNضʽГ@һw^̵؟Ρ
҃AJijNxρf@ƪ̎Է˼͚vʷ˼ĽcǿԼI(y)ĬFrԵķ˼һλ܌WһضĚvʷDcԼµĹoԼ@oɲǵһΡҿһλ܌W@NăȲֵзʽ̽ԼĹ֪Rxַ˼˚vʷ߀wԼڌҲ֮ǂضĚvʷDc߽Yһ@ǵһڰѡ족ͬrvʷеIJһNض܌W΄յCķ˼УҲ@ƪµ·f֮̎
J飬@Ӂ@ƪ҂͕JRһNl(f)cĸòԷQ֮FԵđB(ti)
II.
֪˂ѬFfһrǘ־һrһϵͬFԵľ궨λԣ֮ǰһЩɻfǰF֮tijNĪy˓^ĺFԡɴ҂l(f)FԼFǷˆɵĺl(f)չǷҕ錦18oԭtĔѻƫx
^µ@ƪ¡Ҳʲô҂ܰѬFԸĿһNB(ti)ȣһΚvʷr^B(ti)ȡָһNcFrl(f)PģʽһNijЩԸx֮һN˼XОeֹķʽ̎̎wFijNwPϵFһ΄ocϣDfľ|ethosJ҂fІʾxIJڌFcǰFF^(q)_Ŭ̽FԵđB(ti)γʼ̎cNFԡB(ti)ȵĠ(zhn)֮
ҴһλDzɺԵ@NFԵđB(ti)ȣ˂VJFԵXR19oJR֮һDzR
1. ˂ѬFԸ錦rgķBm(x)ԵXRcy(tng)ěQ·fڲȥĕrǰѣRFԽ綨顰^̕żȻ[4]ĕr_ƺ@˼ҪɞFJR@Noֹ\ӣᘌ@һ\ӲȡijNضB(ti)ijNĖ|ȲڬFڕr֮ҲڬF֮ڬF֮ڌ@֮²֮wFđB(ti)ȡFԲͬڕrֻڌrg
F@һNB(ti)ٳ˂լFrСӢۡһ档FԲnjڶ̕wŵĬFڵnjFڡӢۻ־
ҌHӑՓRPcͬrLˇguՓͲRͬrЩ҂J19oķªֻLŴ۹RȡЦLеĬFԲwFڰѺρF܌ɫYF顰҂rķ֪̎rյĕr҂ĕrc֮g|ö]֮ȥPϵ@βͺ²HwFձƽȵ߀бF`Ԋ@һLКʬˣ隚ʬˣΚʬYaAʬˡ҂eijNY[5]@NFԵđB(ti)RЕrʹgӿ϶oӖԵʽζLسʬFo҂ゃoҕFڡ
2.@NӢۻoǷSԵġFԵđB(ti)ȲSֲȥĕr̻û̧ߵʥλȻoڌȥĕr̮һD˲ŵ@DZDzRԸQ֮^ߣspectatorˑB(ti)@Щߣflneur@Щoe^MڱԼ۾һLӛăc@Щ෴R@LFԵˣ@߰ܰҰԿ϶@@лSĹªߣ@Ƭ̲ͣشԽ嫵ԻĮΚvһȼ߸ЩĿģձͬSԿvŵĿڌijNSҷQ֮\"Fԡԡяĕrгȡ[ښvʷеԊԵҪĹ[6]Rؕ˹Constantin GuysFԵһ䷶һ^һղߵ^֮κWԊSĵط
κεطֻҪһNԳʬFǰֻҪȻ˺͂y(tng)˳FһNصֻ֮ҪꖹҫˉĄdepraved animal˲gĿ옷[7]
҂Ʉeeؕ˹ɲһߣ
R֮һܳĬF鮔l(xing)ĕrs_ʼ˹׃ǂòµĸ׃ȡFǬFcɵУexercise֮gһNs
ȻĖ|ֹȻĖ|ҲֹwČǡxһNģ(chung)ߵ`һӵijM[8]ڬFԵđB(ti)ȶFڵSrֵc@һNĘOȿֲ_ģѬFcͬĖ|ǴݚFͨ^լFĠB(ti)׃FڡڲRĬFFĘOPעڴˌһNɵČ`nj@һFأnj@һFě_
3. ȻRfFԲHHcFڵһNPϵʽ߀DZc_PϵһNPϵʽFԌݵđB(ti)ȾSϵһNxĿxҪɞFģǷǵóJԼڶ̕wŵĕr֮ҪԼijNDysľҲDzRǕrĕrdԒQʎӣdandysmeҲڴһһ@ЩV֪ՓՓֱɡӵıԡ
Փɻȱҷ
Փ(yu)Žu˱ɲڽ߀ҪƵĽڡ̎sIJͽϡ
߀ՓʎӵĿxͨ^ԼwОXw汾׃һˇgƷڲRF˵˲ȥl(f)Լl(f)ܺ[挍ҪȥŬ(chung)Լ@NFԲҪ˱Ĵ֮нԼʹ挦Լ΄
4. aһڲRFڷSʽӢۻ׃FòΑʽČҵľ@ЩwжռʲôλֻһͬIó(chung)R@IQˇg
Ҳͨ^@Ȏׂcܸ18oĩڵĆ@һsĚvʷ¼^ȥăɂoԸNĿFĬFԵđB(ti)
һֱڏ{ɷĆ}һһNض͵܌Wʲôӵij̶ϸֲچ@N֮£cFڵPϵ˵ĚvʷģʽԼһwҵĘһһ{놖}I
һԌ҂cY}jؽ̗lԭtڲ༤ijNB(ti)ijN܌Wľ|҂Ԍ錦҂̎vʷrijֺҴdzԵعһ@N|
A. Է
1. @N|ζܗ^Čɵġ֡ҿ҂ȻஔهһϵƶȼĻ¼һЃ(yu)ȵλķI
Σһ헌McɵĚvʷֱYI(y)һ҂ڿ]܌W}
_܌W˼SһNضʽͨ^µDʾ@һc
@fǵÌɱʾǔѵrǡǡζ횾ܗһпܕijNλČxʽFҪô܆ɲxy(tng)ЩJ@ǿ϶ԵgZһЩ˄tָ؟eˣҪôІŬ[Óԭt˂ͬǰHһ҂ֻǰѡqCġe뒶sȻ_ܰЩҪصă(yu)߀δܔ[Ó@N
҂ŬijN̶ɚvʷĴڣطԼ@ӵķԓһϵбMܾĚvʷǻԵָԵı|Ⱥˡessential kernel of rationalityȻԵĮޡcontemporary limits of the necessaryǰ߿چҵκr¶ԓõS
Ҳnjw҂ĘɶԣǻDzxЩ|
2. ˵x[9]cɃ֮gױһڌ҂Mгm(x)Еr횱@һc҂ʼKӛһһϵ¼һϵЏsĚvʷ^λښWl(f)չ^ijһضĹ(ji)c֮ϡɱD͵Ҫƶȵ֪ͣRʽ֪Rc`Ի^̵Ӌgϵͻ׃ҶhֹһɷN]һԒvȻ@ЩFSֱԺҪQҿֻЌFڵķ˼Pģʽ܌W˼ʽ
˵xtcȫͬһ}_еfһϵ}Lĕrgڶ֮ښWﷴͳFҿǠϵrֵДࡣ@Щ}ăȺSֵărֵ^϶H@ľ߀һֱ䮔һNԵą^(q)ԭt17o˵xF錦̵лڽ̵ĿwһNcϵՓɫhĿʽ˵xĻ˵x19otЌƌWօuB(ti)ȵđՓ˵xc֮෴ČԼϣĸͬһNƌWϵ˵xR˼xһN˵xxc˸x˂߀ôһΕrgoxwF˵xrֵ^Ǖr˹xҲf˵x
҂^ܾʹJ飬c˵xBĖ|ҪܗǑԓY@ӵJRP˵xӑՓ}̫^`̫^s̫ȱһ؞֮Ė|m鷴˼ąُ17oԁ^˵xĖ|һֱهһЩڽƌWŲ^P˵^˵xþbcCP˵^ôfԺߞС
@һPе҂ᘌԼֺĄ(chung)죬@ӵԭtچPĚvʷR̎ںĵλԭt@lطFһ؞˵xеӑՓ}@һl(f)҃AJc˵x֮gһNPϵͬһPϵ
Jʲôr£c˵x@ߓһΣU
ĚvʷĽǶȁ@ҲDz_еfP˵xߵĆ}18oﶼҪλԒJ@f醢ҕһN˵xͬrҲбҪע19oʥ˹@ӵˁfdzҪĞ16o˵xޚvʷĹcɺ18oʼKÓxЕr_ġ19oҲЃAc˵x@ߌ(c̎xһ)
̶ٲdڌһăA
ôfJ飬҂횏ġɷǔѡ֪ϺϵĒЌҽÓһ҂Ҳ횔[Ó˵x}cɆ}һՄ@һNښvʷ͵x϶Ļy^҂Ҫ҂ԼԼ^ȥXRôc˵x֮g^ȥɂoďsPϵMоͲʧһHЃrֵҪn}
B. ϶Է
MҪA@Щ}挦һN܌Wľ|Ė|҂@Ȼ߀x߿϶ԵăȺ@N܌W|P҂ijNvʷwՓڌ҂˼֮С
1.Ԍ@N܌W|һNޑB(ti)ȡlimit-attitude҂FڲӑՓһNܗˑB(ti)҂ò[ÓⲿһȲ@һǴ˼˵xò̎߅HɌķc˼MɵġȻµĆ}ڣJRsavoirʲô֪RconnaissanceòŗԽexceeding
ôҿPI}tDijN϶ԵĆ}ЩձȻxն҂ϵĖ|ЩڪءżȻsĮaĖ|ռʲôӵλ֮}PIڣԱȻԽʽչ_DijNԽfranchissementʽFČ`
@һN@ҊĺвԌձrֵʽYĿĵČ`չ_ijЩ¼Ěvʷ죬@Щ¼҂҂顢˼ԵwJR@xϣ@NвdzԽԵĿҲڴٳһNζόWǾVϵWķͿŌWķ֮f@NǿŌWԽIJڴ_֪RconnaissanceпܵĵЄӵձYڌ_҂˼ԼԒZ˷Ěvʷ¼̽ӑ
ͬr֮f@NVϵWٸ҂ǵʽݳ҂֪Ė|ʹ҂ɞ҂ǵǷNżȻԣcontingencyxijNԁ@N҂Բ҂˼ȥȥСȥ˼
@NЌڴٳijNKɞƌWζόWMV؞鲻_ČɵṩµĴل
2.Ȼ҂MPɵĔԻJ@NvʷһԵđB(ti)߀횾߂䌍Ե|ҵ˼f@Nᘌ҂չ_Ĺһ_һµĚvʷIһ߀ҪFrealityFrlactualitMЙz@ɷ涼ðվ߂l(f)׃ĿcҪԵЩP(ji)c__е׃ʽ@fP҂ĚvʷwՓ횔[ÓQձԻصԵӋ䌍҂֪^Ҫ[ÓFrĿwrԱƶPһNһ˼ʽһNĻһ^ĿwI@Nֻ܌ЩΣUĂy(tng)ďͱ
ҌԸxijЩwضDʽ^ȥ20CijЩ^(q)߂҂c˼ķʽcP֮gPϵԼ҂dcķʽ
ҲԸxЩԴښvʷc`B(ti)֮gϵIJԵDԸЩⲻ^ƶ20oһ؏˵˵ĻI
ˣmᘌ҂бwՓ@N܌W|錦Щ҂пԽĽMеһNvʷһ`ԵęzĶҲ҂Լɴڵ_չĹ
3. ®hoȫеģ҂Լ@NʼKDzֲֵzסyбԼȟoR֟oƵĸձԵĽYҵΣU
@}Ѓcؑ҂Ĵ_òʹ˷ŗõPڿܘ҂vʷĖ|κ_֪Rconnaissance@N^cԼĽԼԽ@ЩĿ҂Փ͌`ɷwʼKڽc
f҂Ǖ»صl(f)c
Ȼ@fеĹֻڟożȻĠB(ti)֮չ_҂̽ӑ@헹һϵy(tng)ͬ|ԼPI
1PI
@ЩPI}wFڿɷQ֮顰c֮gPϵՓ֮҂֪18owϻһoĂZϣԼgl(f)Ӱcw˵ͬrf(xi){LAM҂߀ԿĚvʷУ@ȡcZɘҪ@һcҲSصĚvʷ\ĸԴ@\˵⮐c׃܉E˵eôľձ֧ĵλFڣLcԵL@֮gPϵɲ18oJô҂ՄՓԽĿ˵a߀{؞ּƶֻǸNԱͨļg҂ѽl(f)F
ʽӵļgf˶NӵęPϵ缯wԻwԵļoԇҵę۾Ӆ^(q)ʹҎ(gu)f}PIڣLβܔ[ÓPϵď
2ͬ|
@͌҂ˌɷQ֮顰`ϵy(tng)IĿ҂ڴfͬ|˂ijʬFҲһo֪ěQėlµăcʽf˂µļgһMԼ·ʽЩʽ
@Щ`ӲԵһ棬tڮ@Щ`ϵy(tng)rɵ،׃ΑҎ(gu)t߂@Щgcأ@һ`IԾʹ˴_@ЩvʷһԷͬ|
3ϵy(tng)
@Щ`ϵy(tng)ԴVIĿƵPϵ˵ЄӵPϵԼԼPϵ@f@I˴֮goP֪Ŀc˵Pϵнc˵PϵֿǕ浽cԼPϵ֮ȻȻ҂Ҫ]֪Rc@SԵ|Լ֮gPQԒfP҂ĚvʷwՓòشһϵ_ԵĆ}SS@ЩԏsxҲԾwͿ҂x漰ϵy(tng)Ć}҂α֪Rw҂αʹPϵڙPϵw҂αЄӵĵw
4ձ
һcb@ЩvʷһԵ뿼ʼKijһwزrČ`cԒZwϵfǷdzw_پ҂Եԣ@ЩR}ձ؏@҂ĕrǽȫcey֮gPϵc֮gPϵc֮gPϵԼPϵĽɫȵȡ
Ȼ@NձJͨ^ԽrgȵijvʷBm(x)ԣ҂Ҫ̽ӑĆ}ҲJ̽ĸN׃҂횰յ҂̽ӑĆ}˽̶֮ʹęʽ
҂֮ͨ^ijNضĆ}problematization_NwЄҎ(gu)tԼcԼPϵĸNģʽеPĽtֻܽĚvʷ}^̼ȷWxϵijB(ti)ҲǾʷ|ϵ׃҂ÿ솖}ĸNģʽ[(modes de) problmatizations]ԱNĚvʷʽеձ⺭
һYصҲ֪҂Ƿ܉_B(ti)µijꡣSཛʹ҂ɵĚvʷ¼δʹ҂ɞij҂Ҳδ_@ӵĠB(ti)Dzôfҿͨ^˼ɶČFc҂xJ^ȥăɂoµķ˼һֱǷNʧҪԻЧԵ܌W˼Sʽ҂Ȼ܌PбwՓҕһNՓҲܰһײeе֪RwϵǑԓһNB(ti)һN|һN܌W@NB(ti)|܌W֮҂֮ȺͬrҲɞPڏӽo҂ĽĚvʷɞԽ@ЩĿԣde leur franchissement possibleČ
҂횰@N܌WB(ti)DQN΄ա@Щķ߉ھCϲÿŌWVϵWķͬr鼼gԵͺͲԵΑČ`
@ЩՓ߉ڴ_҂c˼Pϵձܵ}̎Ěvʷʽ
@ЩgČ`߉tPעvʷһԷ˼w`ӵćLԇz֮е^̡Ҳ֪Ƿڽ@ôfе΄Ȼچɵ
҈ԳJ@һ΄Ҫ҂ĽޣQ֮@һҪĵĄwF҂ɵĿa patient labor giving form to our impatience for liberty
עጣ
[1] Phädon; oder, ber die Unsterblichkeit der Seele, PhädonDԒ䛡쳶ƪϵՓ`ԣgע
[2] Haskalaq̫fġɡھwZеġSekhelreasonintellect18o19oКWc|W^(q)W\ӰһĻ\ӡHaskalaĿҪq̫B(yng)܉wFq̫̺һĻľCϣ܉ͨxĘ˜Ќݾձx˵xUጵǷNT ҪĴq̫彛gɵģFWձJq̫FǏ18oġHaskala_ʼġ˂Ĵ˲ٱӵصȴِ_ʼeOڬFУÿ˵һУĂ˻ČFȻ@߀漰S}˺ĬPӑՓɅҊcZġqCġqxҪأɵĽޡһ£Ҋl(wi)||Ⱦg˺ĬϺh|1997桪gע
[3] Giambattista VicoThe New Science of Giambattista Vico, 3rd ed., (1744), abridged trans. T. G. Bergen and M. H. Fisch (Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1970), pp. 370, 372. ӢgעgēS¡¿ƌW❓ḡӡ^1989594596퓡gע
[4] Charles Baudelaire, The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1964), p. 13. ӢgעgēFĮҡĹ(ji)FԡڡRWՓx갲gČW1987485퓡gע
[5] Charles Baudelaire, On the Heroism of Modern Life, in The Mirror of Art: Critical Studies by Charles Baudelaire, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1955), p. 127. Ӣgעgąһɳʮ˹(ji)ՓFӢۡͬϕ301퓣иĄӡgע
[6] gľCυ갲gRWՓx484퓼gģ֞©gݡgע
[7] gē갲gRWՓx483иĄӡgעdepraved animalRڡՓƽȵԴͻAЌ˼ĠB(ti)һNȻĠB(ti)˼һ^ҰFgע
[8] ɅҊgͬϕ484퓡gע
[9] Humanismһ~SwĚvʷc֪R龳IJͬɷքeg˵x˱x͡xͱĶԣ16oġHumanismg顰x18oġHumanismtg顰˵x@һόay҂һg顰˵xͬrѴעԓ~Ěvʷ׃gע
cx