1999年考研英語真題閱讀詳解
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1999年閱讀真題精解(2011-05-30 10:22:15)轉載標簽：
黃濤考研真題答案教育 分類：
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1999 Text 1
It"s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers" misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child"s Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn"t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn"t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We"re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren"t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete"s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.
[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
[D] feel obliged to view customers" safety as their first concern
53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.
[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law
[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
[C] product labels would eventually be discarded
[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54. The author"s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] puzzling
[D] objective
核心詞匯
1. rough 粗糙的，不平坦的；粗野的；tough 艱巨的；艱難的
2. step 走
3. slip 滑到
4. light up 點燃
5. burn down 燒毀
6. fail to 沒有
7. lawsuit=suit 起訴；訴訟
8. compensate for 為…作出補償
9. jury 陪審團
10. hold sb. liable for 讓…對…負責
11. misfortune 不幸
12. respond 做出反應
13. warning labels 警告標識
14. caution 警告
15. while 盡管，而，當…時候
16. appropriate 合適的
17. interaction相互作用
18. regulation 規(guī)則
19. claim 索賠
20. side with 支持
21. defendant 被告；
22. involving 涉及到
23. paralyze 癱瘓
24. nature 本質(zhì)；by nature 天性
25. carry substantial weight 具有相當?shù)姆至?/p>
26. issue 發(fā)布了；發(fā)行了
27. bombard with 大量提供
28. a sea of 大量的
29. trivialities 瑣事
30. end 目的
31. have one’s way 得以實現(xiàn)
32. legal liability 法律責任
33. misfortune
難句精解
�、賅hile warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn"t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
▲在這個主從復合句中，前一個分句是由while引導的讓步從句，這個從句由兩個并列句組成，中間用and連接。破折號之間的部分是舉例說明warnings的內(nèi)容，and后面的many省略了warnings，state與federal共用regulations。主句部分本身也是一個主從復合句，主句用了一個形式主語it，真正的主語是that引導的從句，注意這個從句中有個動詞短語protect... from...，后面是一個if引導的條件從句。
△ 首先要把握這個句子的主旨，那就是主句中所闡明的warnings對manufacturers and sellers的保護作用還很不明朗。注意破折號之間的部分對warnings的解釋作用以及it作為形式主語的替代作用。
②As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn"t have changed anything.
▲在這個主從復合句中，前一個分句是由as引導的伴隨狀語從句，注意這里的claims是個名詞；主句的時態(tài)用的是現(xiàn)在進行時，表示的這種狀況正在開始。這個主句有一個較長的狀語短語，原因是cases后面跟了一個where引導的定語從句修飾cases，這個定語從句的主干是warning label not change anything，解釋的是什么樣的cases。
△ 主句依然是抓住句子大意的關鍵，該句所要表達的就是some courts beginning to side with defendants，再者要注意cases后面定語從句指出了哪類cases尤為如此。
③In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.
▲這個句子的主干是... president... successfully fought a lawsuit...。句子的主語是Julie Nimmons，后面逗號之間的部分是她的職位，賓語部分a lawsuit有一個較長的動詞現(xiàn)在分詞involving所引導的短語，involving的賓語是a football player，后面跟了一個who引導的定語從句，這個定語從句中有一個while引導的時間狀語，還原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmet。找出其中的關鍵部分：... president of Schutt... successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player... paralyzed... while wearing a Schutt helmet。
④At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
▲這個看起來很長的句子其實是一個簡單句，主干是... the... Institute... issued new guidelines for tort law...。其中破折號之間的內(nèi)容說明的是這個Institute的人員構成，并且用一個whose引導的定語從句說明了這些成員的權威。law后面跟的現(xiàn)在分詞stating有一個相當長的賓語從句，這個從句的主語是companies，而謂語有兩個動詞結構，一個是warn... of...，另一個是bombard... with...，敘述了guidelines的內(nèi)容。
△ 這個句子的要點是在stating后面的that從句，對其中兩個動詞結構warn... of...和bombard... with...的正確理解決定了對整個句子的理解。
⑤If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
▲在這個復合句中，if引導的是一個條件從句，主句部分的謂語用了被動形式，謂語動詞provide for有兩個賓語，一個是the benefits of customers，另一個是protection against legal liability，not決定了兩者的取舍關系：取前者，舍后者。
△ 從句給出了前提條件，注意has its way的意思是can be achieved；理解主句部分的關鍵在于provide for的兩個賓語的取舍關系。
補充: Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s中的thinking是一種思想的意思，指的是上面所說過的人們對于通過法律獲得賠償?shù)乃枷�。gone本意是消失，這里可以意譯為改變，就是說這種思想已經(jīng)改變。但是我個人覺得，從前后文看，這個gone不是否定，所以應該是開始的意思，也就是說應該翻譯成這種思想已經(jīng)形成了。
試題解析
51. [B] 意為：受傷的顧客可望得到法律制度的保護。
第一段指出，外面是個危險的世界，如果你走出去，可能會滑倒在門墊上，摔傷一條腿；如果點燃爐灶，可能燒毀整棟房屋�？尚业氖�，如果門墊或爐灶沒有警告你可能發(fā)生的危害，你可以就自己所受的傷害訴諸法律，成功地獲得賠償�；蛘�，更確切地說，自80年代初以來人們一直這樣認為，從那時起，陪審團開始認為更多的公司應該對其顧客遭受的不幸負責。
第二段提到，為了保護自己，公司開始撰寫冗長的標簽，但是，正如第三段第二句所指出的那樣，這種做法無濟于事，因為，如果顧客與公司對簿公堂，大約一半的情況是公司敗訴。然而，第四段第一句指出，這種潮流似乎正發(fā)生逆轉。
[A]顧客可以通過訴訟免除自己的災難。relieve sb. of sth.意為“免除某人某事；解除某人某事；使某人擺脫某事”。relieve的意思與原文表達的內(nèi)容不相符，根據(jù)對選擇項B的分析，顧客通過法律獲得的是對損失的賠償。看原文，顧客都已經(jīng)是出事后才找訴訟，事情既然發(fā)生了怎么能夠免除呢？所以說無論從原文還是從常理都是不對的。
[C]公司將會通過提供新的警示標簽避免被起訴。該選擇項有兩處主要錯誤：一是avoid的使用，二是new的使用，這兩個詞的使用使C與原文表達的內(nèi)容很不一致。這句話用了would avoid這個詞，這就是說能夠逃避的意思。但是原文根本沒有提到是否這么做能否逃避法律的制裁。更何況，從常理考慮也不應該是這樣。還有，這句話用了new這個詞，原文中也找不到根據(jù)。所以[C]是不對的。
[D]陪審團傾向于對公司所承諾的賠償嚴加挑剔。這個與原文中“when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers" misfortunes”比較相象，但是原文的這句話意思是：當時陪審團已開始認為更多的公司應對其顧客所遭受的不幸負責。可以看出，這兩句的意思還是不同的。一句是有關賠償?shù)膰乐斝�，一句是有關賠償?shù)膱?zhí)行度。
52. [C] 意為：充分利用標簽避免法律責任。
第二段指出，公司感到很大威脅，它們通過撰寫比以前更長的警示標簽保護自己，企圖預料各種可能發(fā)生的事故。結果，現(xiàn)在的梯子上的標簽有幾英寸長，除了警告你其他可能發(fā)生的意外之外，還警告說你可能摔下來——這種警告真是莫名其妙！孩子的蝙蝠俠玩具的斗篷上也警告說：本玩具“并不能使擁有者飛行”。在作者看來，這樣的警示語都是多余的、不必要的。
[A]通過在產(chǎn)品上寫長長的警示語滿足顧客。根據(jù)上文對選擇項C的分析，他們這樣做的目的主要是避免承擔責任，而不是滿足顧客的需要。
[B]意為：在描述自己的產(chǎn)品的不足上表現(xiàn)得更誠實。這個其實肯定不是商人們的本意，畢竟無奸不商，有哪個商人會這么誠實，把自己產(chǎn)品的缺點告訴別人？
[D]意為：不得不將顧客的安全看作頭等重要的事。這個問題嘛，其實想一下，商人的目的就是賺錢，頭等重要的事怎么可能是....從文章第二段可以看出，F(xiàn)eeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident。公司是因為受了威脅所以才開始貼標簽的，但是文章并未說是因為考慮到顧客安全才這么做的。
而且，從常理推斷，公司應該是考慮到自身利益才這么做的。因此D選項應該是偷梁換柱大法。
53. [A] 意為：某些因傷害提出的索賠再也受不到法律的保護了。
第三段指出，潮流似乎正發(fā)生逆轉，雖然因人身傷害引起的索賠案像以往一樣不斷出現(xiàn)，某些法庭正逐漸開始站到被告一邊(side with)，特別是在有警示標簽也可能無濟于事的案件中。在Schutt Sports的案件中，Schutt Sports公司被告生產(chǎn)了不安全的頭盔，造成一名橄攬球隊員(football player)的癱瘓，但是，陪審團認為，造成球員受傷的不是頭盔，而是橄欖球這種運動本身的危險性(the nature of the game)。公司因此勝訴。這一例子用于說明第四段第一、二句提到的現(xiàn)象。
[B]頭盔不是設計來防止損傷的。戴頭盔的目的當然是防止傷害，但是，頭盔不可能是萬能的。B答案是表面的意思，一般考研命題中不會把答案設定給這種選項的。因為“頭盔不是設計來防止損傷的”這個即使從常理來講也不正確，頭盔本來就是用來防止損傷的。而且原文中也沒提到這點。
[C]產(chǎn)品標簽最終將會被淘汰。discard意為：棄而不用。
[D]運動員可能不再會熱衷于某些體育運動項目。這個從常理上來說就不太對，再對照原文，原文只是說了一次事故引發(fā)的關于體育用品的爭論，但是沒有任何地方可以看出運動員會不再熱衷于某些項目。只是一次單純的事故而已，沒有理由就夸張到放棄這一層，因此這個選項明顯是用了夸張的手法。
54. [D] 意為：客觀的。
這里所說的“問題”指索賠案中孰是孰非這一問題。文章探討了索賠案所涉及的顧客（原告）、公司（被告）和陪審團三方的反應，重點指出陪審團態(tài)度的轉變。文章敘述客觀，作者沒有表達個人觀點。關于態(tài)度題有很多偏方，基本上說，ABC三項這三個詞基本不可能成為任何題的答案。而D這個詞，絕對是首選項，基本上出現(xiàn)了選它就沒錯。因為，所有的選中文章討論的大多是客觀問題，作者的態(tài)度更是客觀的。如果是主觀的話根本就犯了主觀主義錯誤......
[A]有偏見的。這個單詞在考研英語閱讀中很難會成為正確答案的，畢竟你想，既然能當選全國研究生入學考試試題，沒有鮮明的中心思想是不可能的，像有偏見的這種態(tài)度基本是不可能出現(xiàn)的。反過來說，客觀的這種態(tài)度基本是放之四海而皆準的。
[B]冷漠的。[C]迷惑不解的。如果對于問題是迷惑不解的，那么整篇文章就是說沒有表明鮮明的立場。但是這種文章是不可能入選研究生入學考試的。更何況從原文來看，作者的態(tài)度相當明顯，因此是客觀的。
參考譯文
外面是一個危險的世界。如果你走出去，可能會滑倒在門墊上，摔傷一條腿。如果你點燃爐灶，可能會把房子燒掉。但是假如門墊或爐灶上沒有警示語告訴你可能發(fā)生的危害，那么你或許可以就自己所受的傷害通過法律訴訟，成功地獲得賠償。大約自80年代初以來人們就不再（guangxian注：此處“不再”二字應刪除�。┻@樣認為了，當時陪審團已開始認為更多的公司應對其顧客所遭受的不幸負責。
公司因此感到了威脅，便做出了反應，寫出越來越長的警示標識語，力圖預先標明種種可能發(fā)生的事故�，F(xiàn)在，梯子上警告標簽有幾英寸長，除了警告你其他可能發(fā)生的意外情況外，還警告你可能會摔下來，簡直是莫名其妙！印在兒童蝙蝠俠披風上的標識語竟然也告誡說，本玩具“無法讓用戶飛行”。
雖然警示語常常是合理而必要的，如對藥物副作用而產(chǎn)生的危險的警示語，并且很多是州或聯(lián)邦法規(guī)所要求的，但是當消費者受傷，這些警示語能否真正保護制造商和銷售商使之免于責任，這還很難說。被受傷的消費者告上法庭的公司中，大約一半的情況是公司敗訴。
現(xiàn)在看來這種趨勢正在轉變。盡管個人傷害的指控一如既往地繼續(xù)著，但有些法庭已開始站到被告一方，特別是在處理那些有警示語也無法避免傷害的案件時。五月份，伊利諾斯州的Shutt體育公司總裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打贏了這樣一場官司。一名橄欖球隊員戴著該公司的頭盔在一場比賽中受傷癱瘓，遂將該公司告上法庭。公司總裁朱利·尼蒙斯說：“他成了癱瘓，我們非常難過，但頭盔的設計不是為了預防這類傷害的。”陪審團也認為造成該運動員受傷的是這項運動本身的危險性，而不是頭盔。與此同時，美國法學會——
該學會由一群舉足輕重的法官、律師、學者所組成——簽署了新的民事侵害法綱要，宣布公司不必警示顧客那些顯而易見的危險，或者給顧客列出一份冗長的可能造成的危險的清單�？的螤柎髮W法學院一位參與起草新綱要的教授說，“重要的信息會淹沒在細枝末節(jié)的汪洋之中”。如果該法律團體的這一適中的目的能夠實現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)品上提供的警示信息實際上是用來保護消費者利益的，而不是為了避免公司承擔法律責任的。
1999 Text 2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they"re looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company"s private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers" computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company"s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That"s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyardsa. Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.
[A] has been striving to expand its market
[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion
[C] tried but in vain to control the market
[D] has been booming for one year or so
56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.
[A] the technology is popular with many Web users
[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
[C] there is a radical change in strategy
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57. In the view of Net purists, ________.
[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture
[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web
[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set
[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests
58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
核心詞匯
1. or so 左右，
2. web=website 網(wǎng)絡
3. revolve around 圍繞
4. tap 輕打；開發(fā)；水龍頭
5. more than 不僅僅是；不只是
6. make sense 有道理；有意義
7. nonetheless 盡管如此
8. reliability 可靠性
9. pathway 小徑，通路，路徑
10. supplier 供應商
11. limit 限制
12. conduct 進行，做
13. online transaction 在線交易
14. established 確定的；已有的
15. access to 進入；有權利做
16. intranet 局域網(wǎng)；internet 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)
17. shift 轉變，變化
18. model 模式，方式
19. concern 與…有關
20. available 可以用來；可以得到的
21. focus on 關注；集中
22. strategy 策略；方法
23. transmit 傳遞；發(fā)送
24. targeted 目標的；有針對性的
25. notably 明顯地
26. deliver 發(fā)送
27. update 更新；upload 上傳
28. a stream of 大量的
29. sunscriber 訂閱者；訂購者；用戶；subscribe to 向…訂閱；同意
30. monitor 監(jiān)控器
31. customize 定制
32. proceed to 繼續(xù)做；precede 在…之前
33. contempt 蔑視
34. think highly of 高度稱贊
35. notion 觀點
36. commercial promotion 商業(yè)促銷
37. uninvited 不請自來
38. distinction 區(qū)別；區(qū)分
39. fade=disappear=vanish=perish 消失，不存在
40. prospect=future將來
41. horrify 讓…感到恐怖
42. purist 凈化者
43. inevitable 不可避免的
44. resort to 求助于
45. right 合適的；正確的；右邊的；權力
46. interactivity 互動
47. hospitality 熱情好客；inhospitality 冷漠
48. plunge 冒險
難句精解
�、賁ome companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company"s private intranet.
▲這個句子的主謂賓很明顯，但是重要的是by后面的conducting引導的動名詞短語，表示的是companies limiting the risk的方式方法。還要注意的是partners后面跟了一個who引導的定語從句，說明了partners所享受的待遇。
△ 找出其中的關鍵部分：... companies... limiting... risk by... transactions... with established... partners who... access to... company"s... intranet。注意intranet與internet的差別：后者是國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，前者是公司內(nèi)部網(wǎng)。
②In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.
▲在這個簡單句中，賓語tools帶了一個that引導的定語從句，修飾tools，在這個從句中真正的主語是tools，由that替代，注意這個從句中謂語動詞短語allow... to...的形式；后面跟了一個transmitting引導的現(xiàn)在分詞短語，相當于that從句的補充成分，進一步說明push information to consumer的方式。
△ 這個句子的主要內(nèi)容集中在develop tools以及tools后面的that從句，從句中關鍵信息在于幾個動詞的使用：allow，push，transmit等。
③Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.
▲這個句子的主句就是that前面的部分，注意動詞短語think highly of的含義，但是理解這個句子的關鍵在于賓語notion后面所跟的that引導的同位語從句，就是說that從句解釋的就是notion的內(nèi)容。這個從句中的主語information后面跟了一個修飾性的flowing引導的現(xiàn)在分詞短語。
△ 在抓住了主干think highly of the notion之后，理解這個句子的關鍵在于對that從句的理解，尤其是by specific request決定了notion的重要內(nèi)容。
④The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
▲這個句子的主干是... examples... show... a Web site... will attract... customers。抓住這個主干，再看其它成分：examples后面跟的of短語是限定成分，說明examples的內(nèi)容；謂語動詞show后面跟的是一個that引導的賓語從句，這個賓語從句的主語a Web site后面跟了一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語作限定成分，這個短語的動詞是selling，賓語是the right kind of products，再加上一個較長的表示方式的狀語，注意介詞賓語mix后面有一個of引導的三個并列名詞表示mix的內(nèi)容，后面will attract online customers是這個從句的謂語和賓語。
△ 找出句子的主謂賓，再看不同成分的修飾限定部分，再者要注意賓語從句的主語所帶的現(xiàn)在分詞結構的限定短語。
⑤And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.
▲這個句子的主句是逗號前的句子，容易理解，重要的是逗號后which引導的從句，這里which指代的是逗號前的這個句子，指的是這個句子所陳述的現(xiàn)象，which在這里充當?shù)氖菑木涞闹髡Z，enterprise后面有一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語，起限定作用。
△ 重要的是弄清從句中which引導詞所指的是前面整個句子，這樣就可以得知a good sign的意思。另外注意setting up shop in silicon中silicon原意是“硅”，在這里指代的是“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”與“計算機”。
試題解析
55. [A] 意為：一直在竭力開拓其市場。
第一段指出，在網(wǎng)絡公司創(chuàng)辦的最初一兩年中，大部分措施是圍繞著努力開拓(tap)消費者市場。最近，隨著網(wǎng)絡證明不僅是一種時尚而已，公司開始（在網(wǎng)上）相互買賣產(chǎn)品或提供服務，公司間的這種買賣方式是很有道理的，因為商人一般都知道自己所需要的產(chǎn)品。第一句和第二句都敘述了公司企圖利用網(wǎng)上資源開拓業(yè)務的努力，第三句是對第二句提到的現(xiàn)象的評價。
[B]意為：打算遵循一種空幻的時尚。
[C]企圖控制市場，但徒勞無益。第一段僅提到了它們的努力，并未提到努力的結果。
[D]意為：在一年左右的時間里發(fā)展迅速。第一段僅提到了它們的努力，并未提到努力的結果。事實上，正
如第二段所提到的，許多公司目前仍然因為懷疑網(wǎng)絡的安全性而對網(wǎng)絡的使用猶豫不決。
56. [C] 意為：在策略上發(fā)生了根本改變。
第三段第一句指出，網(wǎng)絡商業(yè)模式的另一個重大變化是營銷策略的變化。在這個句子中，technology的意思不是“技術”，而是“技巧”，這里指銷售方法。根據(jù)第三段，這里所說的變化指從“推”到“拉”的變化。兩種營銷策略迥然不同。
[A]這種技術（或方法）受到了許多網(wǎng)絡用戶的喜愛。與原文的第三段But push technology has earned the contempt(蔑視) of many Web users自相矛盾。
[B]為：公司對在線交易的可靠性充滿信心。根據(jù)第二段第一句，許多公司對網(wǎng)絡的可靠性表示懷疑，因此對使用網(wǎng)絡仍然很憂慮。
[D]它僅限于對固定合作伙伴使用。Limitedly=only用在這里過于絕對。
57. [D] 意為：沒有要求就不應該有在線商業(yè)信息。即：沒有主動要求就不應該提供在線商業(yè)信息。
根據(jù)第三段最后四句，“推”的策略受到了許多網(wǎng)上用戶的厭棄，在線用戶們極力推崇這種做法：信息應該根據(jù)特定要求載入（用戶的）屏幕。商業(yè)信息一旦在沒有要求的情況下就被推入用戶的屏幕，那么，網(wǎng)絡和電視的區(qū)別就不存在了，這種前景正是Net purists所懼怕的。這里，Net purists指主張保持網(wǎng)絡特色的人。
[A]意為：在線領域不應該有銷售信息。根據(jù)對[D]的分析，這些人反對的是銷售信息的傳送方式，而不是這種信息本身。
[B]上網(wǎng)的首要目的應該是為了賺錢。
[C]網(wǎng)絡的功能應該像電視一樣。這正是Net purist所反對的。
58. [B] 互動、禮貌、安全對在線客戶來說很重要。這里互動（指網(wǎng)上人機對話功能）、禮貌（指網(wǎng)上熱情服務）、安全都指網(wǎng)絡信息的特點或提供方式。
在最后一段作者指出，網(wǎng)上的公司不使用“推”的策略也肯定能賺錢。Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com（兩個網(wǎng)址的名稱）以及其他開拓者的例子表明：銷售對路產(chǎn)品的網(wǎng)址，加上互動、禮貌、安全等特點，將同樣會吸引網(wǎng)上客戶。
[A]對網(wǎng)上商業(yè)來說，在網(wǎng)上“推”信息至關重要。根據(jù)上文的分析，事實恰恰相反。
[C]一些大公司在幾十年前就開始積極嘗試在線服務。第四段最后一句指出，只要回顧一下過去5年至10年的歷史人們很可能會感到奇怪：為什么如此少的公司嘗試在線服務呢？
[D]在計算機上建立銷售點與（計算機的）運算能力無關。根據(jù)第四段第三句，計算機的運算能力成本不斷下降，這對于企事業(yè)在計算機上建立銷售點是個好的形勢。所渭“計算機的運算能力成本不斷下降”指計算機和網(wǎng)絡上網(wǎng)價格變得便宜；所謂“在硅中設立商店”指在計算機（網(wǎng)絡）上設立銷售點�？梢�，二者是相關的。
參考譯文
大約在網(wǎng)上交易的第一年當中，大部分業(yè)務活動都是圍繞著努力開發(fā)消費者市場來進行的。最近，隨著證明網(wǎng)絡不僅是一種時尚而已，公司間便開始（在網(wǎng)上）交易產(chǎn)品和服務。這類公司之間的銷售是很有道理的，因為商人通常都知道他們需要什么產(chǎn)品。
不過，由于懷疑網(wǎng)絡的可靠性許多公司仍對網(wǎng)絡的使用猶豫不決。Forrester研究所的資深分析家布蘭·歐文說
，“商家需要認識到他們可以信賴銷售商和供應商之間的這種途徑。”有些公司為了限制這種冒險，只與那些已經(jīng)熟識的貿(mào)易伙伴進行在線貿(mào)易，給予這些伙伴進入本公司局域網(wǎng)的權利。
網(wǎng)絡商業(yè)模式的另一個重大變化體現(xiàn)在營銷策略上。前些年，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的營銷活動還集中在如何將用戶“拉進”網(wǎng)站的策略問題上。然而，在去年，軟件公司開發(fā)出新的技術，這些技術使得公司可以將信息直接“推出”給消費者，直接把營銷信息傳送給特定的用戶。最突出的例子是Pointcast網(wǎng)絡，該網(wǎng)絡使用一種屏幕保護系統(tǒng)，將大量最新的信息和廣告不斷地傳送到用戶的計算機顯示器上。用戶可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接進入某個公司的網(wǎng)址。像Virtual Vineyards這樣的公司業(yè)已開始采用類似的技術將有關特價商品、產(chǎn)品推銷或其他活動的信息“推”向用戶。但這種“推”銷技術遭到許多網(wǎng)上用戶的鄙視。網(wǎng)上文化推崇這樣一個概念，即流動到屏幕上的信息應是在專門的請求之后才出現(xiàn)的。一旦商業(yè)促銷不請自來地充斥電腦屏幕，那么網(wǎng)絡和電視就沒多大差別了。這種前景讓網(wǎng)絡凈化者感到不安。
網(wǎng)上公司并不是非得依靠“推銷”策略方能掙錢。像Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com及其他開拓者的例子說明：一個銷售適類商品的網(wǎng)站，如果將交互性、熱情服務、安全性合理結合，肯定會吸引網(wǎng)上用戶的。計算能力的成本持續(xù)自由下降，這對任何建立了網(wǎng)上銷售的企業(yè)來說都是個好的征兆�；仡欉^去的5到10年的歷史，人們很可能會感到奇怪：嘗試網(wǎng)上銷售的公司為何如此之少呢？
1999 Text 3
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone"s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for brining computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take — at the very longest — a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.
[A] far-reaching
[B] dubiously oriented
[C] self-contradictory
[D] radically reformatory
60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.
[A] is indicative of a pessimism is disguise
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