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        F(xin)ɾcЇ(gu)Ԓ

        l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-08 Դ: ժ c(din)

        (ni)ժҪЇ(gu)ԒwĻĬF(xin)x
        ͨ^ɴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)(du)Ї(gu)F(xin)˜I(y)ؕI(xin)
        ͬr(sh)@ҲFĂy(tng)
        Մ@Щ}ĬF(xin)(sh)xҲڰl(f)P(yng)x񡪡҇(gu)F(xin)M(jn)Ȼһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷĻҲfεľ޴΄(w)ꆢɵľʷɷ傀(g)M(jn)S܉EHІʾ

        P(gun)I~Ї(gu)Ԓ
        F(xin)
        x
        򄡾

        һ

        ԒЇ(gu)аvʷһNĻӰ푶a(chn)čµđ(du)Ї(gu)F(xin)˜I(y)ؕI(xin)ʲôFĂy(tng)ʲôwĻʲôՄ@ЩԒ}(hu)ʲôF(xin)(sh)x@˂?c)ڼo(j)Ԓr(sh)ȻشĎׂ(g)}

        ӛ1997Ԓʮo(j)r(sh)һ(g)ȫ(gu)ԵČW(xu)g(sh)ӑ(hu)ǴΕ(hu)ͬ־ԡ(zhn)ԡ(g)ցشЇ(gu)ԒĂy(tng)ĻĆ}J(rn)@Ҳǽ҂Մ?w)@(g)Ԓ}r(sh)(yng)׷Ė|Ȼ(dng)r(sh)Ҿ˲ͬ^c(din)Xá(zhn)ԡ@(g)ֲH̵ؽʾ(f)svʷ挍(sh)òζhζ̫߀(hu)(do)Œ(du)Ļ֮ԡˇg(sh)֮ԡĺԣЇ(gu)@Nʮ֑Tģǡǡ?yn)@N҂܏ġ˵ľ߶ȡĻr(ji)ֵ^@һЩ(du)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)fҪĻҕǁ^솖}̫͛]Ļλá[1]ȱʧ@ӵҕ҂Ͳܱ^ǡ(dng)?sh)u(png)r(ji)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)Ěvʷͺ(jin)λλġTԡњvʷͿɆɫĶĨЩԓĨĖ|϶Щԓ϶Ė|19571960ݵġٳD@ӵԒ֧֡ɡ(zhng)䡰(zhn)ԡ(qing)(qing)(dng)Ȼ܏(qing)䌧(do)ַ١¡_(ti)(sh)١ꂥҲwĻr(ji)ֵ;ָϵĴ}ˡ ȥ桱qŰʽɱc_ٳD(dng)Ȼ(hu)?yn)顰ɡƽٱ϶?du)@һijһr(sh){(dio)Ӷ質đƷy߀ֵԡ(zhn)ԡԿ϶

        ιڅcb(zhng)Z(qun)^Ȼ(hu)γɡ(zhn)ԡ(zhn)ԡ@һ(g)܊ОĿ̖(ho)򄡌Ļ\(yn)б횔[Ó˼SbOߠΡˡȥ桱ı|(zh)r(sh)fڡ@һceԵI(lng)kɵ˼롱wϽy(tng)ζ(zhng)ĻA(ch)бܵĴֱx[2]ڸĸ_O(sh)C(hu)Ľy߀Ҫ^ȥǘԡc춷cضc˶†y߀Ҫԡ(zhn)ԡ̖(ho)٣ȥa(chn)ǷNM˼SԿֲƔġA(j)(zhng)޷ޑ򡱼伯ߡӰһ˵F(xin)^tɫ(jng)䡱\(chng)Ȼvʷϴ_(sh)^ֱӞζ(zhng)(w)ĘVʽM˼S͸̗lԒƷǮa(chn)1949꽨(gu)֮ǰ30Ϻġo(w)a(chn)A(j)򄡡ctɫK^(q)ġr(nng)򄡡еSĚvʷr(ji)ֵZ(qun)еؕI(xin)(yng)һPĨеЩƷҲo(w)xăA(dng)r(sh)Ľy(tng)Ҫ˙(qun)@ЩƷwԡԡԡP(gun)Ѻ͌ȤԸ؎yԱġˡȥ桱øߠԒfξһDzɱġ@ʹc˵F(xin)挍(sh)@ЩmԵˇg(sh)λ_˾x(du)@һЩƷ߀ҪԺ(jin)λӲġ(zhn)ԡ϶֮ԴˁĻͲm(dng)?sh)ؿ϶eOķ棨΢ĆɃA(hu)Oķ棨ԡгеġˡȥ桱֮ף϶顰õĂy(tng)ڽ(gu)֮ƽa(chn)ĴƷtyf߀ʲôֵÿ϶Ė|ˣ(dng)ȻijNJ(rn)R(sh)x֮(zhn)ԡܿƌW(xu)̵ظ҇(gu)Ԓă(yu)y(tng)cĻڽ(zhn)ԡᷨ߀׽oЩ(jin)ӹ(hu)W(xu)˼SΌ(sh)xĻxĻ(chng)ڌ(sh)`^m(x)Ӻ͸ɔ_˜I(y)пɳ֮C(j)ͬr(sh)@NfҲ(hu)oW(xu)F(xin)Hͻ񶨬F(xin)ԒṩڡцɺεͬfġɾΡ(zhn)ԡ˺ġĻѡġcĸɻһՄԷ񶨡ġĻ\(yn)(dng)M(jn)߀҇(gu)򄡵ġF(xin)ԡ׷ԒĮa(chn)Ͱl(f)չǡǡ҇(gu)򄡬F(xin)һ(g)Ҫ(bio)־҇(gu)򄡵ġF(xin)ԡ׷Ҳ͵ڷ҇(gu)ԒĴx

        _^Ďׂ(g)}Ȼá(zhn)ԡشô_Ĵ𰸑(yng)ԓʲôJ(rn)Ї(gu)ԒwĻĬF(xin)x
        ͨ^ɴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)(du)Ї(gu)F(xin)˜I(y)ؕI(xin)
        ͬr(sh)@ҲFĂy(tng)
        Մ@Щ}ĬF(xin)(sh)xҲڰl(f)P(yng)@һ񡪡҇(gu)F(xin)M(jn)Ȼһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷĻҲfεľ޴΄(w)

        ҂J(rn)ԒĚvʷx񲢲εġ(zhn)ԡĿF(xin)
        ҂Ҳ횿Ļr(ji)ֵ(du)Ї(gu)(hu)ṩ^⡱͡ᡱ(du)ʷl(f)]^õЩMF(xin)xđ򄡵ĄČW(xu)_(ti)ݳ҇(gu)Ԓ(hu)(jng)vĻB(yng)ʹdžx߆xвЕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)򡰸顱ʧSȥЩڅr(sh)(yng)ơΙ(qun)(sh)ʧ֮1958hġʮˮ(k)ġtԺȣĻɫdž׷׷˵ĬF(xin)҇(gu)Ԓʷϣ򄡼hخܷW(yng)ٻꐰ׉m⡭Լ1949֮_(ti)ҦһȔ?sh)ȵ򄡻?dng)͑򄡄(chung)Ļ(chng)r(ji)ֵA򣬿Կһ}F(xin)xĂy(tng)(ni)ஔ(dng)Sɫʸͬ

        @f@Щ򄡼΃A˼Ȥˇg(sh)׷DzһӵЇ(gu)F(xin)֪R(sh)ՓxA߀xA׷˵ĬF(xin)eo(j)~ɡ(hu)ͬԸ҇(gu)Ԓ@һʽҪɬF(xin)֪R(sh)ӷeO(do)c(chung)Ї(gu)F(xin)֪R(sh)ӵĚvʷʹdžǏ˼ĻϽoЇ(gu)F(xin)˜I(y)

        ʲôǡɡ

        ձxvһN˼ĻF(xin)(jin)֮ǽ֪fĆɡEnlightenment~ǡ⡱ǰ˵ɱζް^XF(xin)x_@(g)W(xu)ԣ20o(j)(hu)W(xu)fġF(xin)dž˼fġ[3] һЌƽy(tng)ξx_о_֮g(sh)ˡ]^s߀[4] ɾnj(du)˶ϲgv_ؾĿgǽo˱_(d)˼ijɡ˂(yng)ԓӛÿԏጡɡr(sh)һԣһx׺Կ϶ɼ[5] fһ(g)ʮձĵҎ(gu)

        xf18o(j)l(f)^һ(chng)Ӱ푾޴h(yun)(bio)־ˡ֮Xѵ˼Ļ\(yn)(dng)҇(gu)ĩҲ^Ƶ˼ĻAa(chn)δγɴҎ(gu)ģ\(yn)(dng)l(f)20o(j)ġġĻ\(yn)(dng)ھcĆx“(lin)ϵҲcĆ(yng)ڬF(xin)ձ鱻飺ڡv(g)ԡvڡȺvv
        ˵˼ķԵڰнųı`B(ti)½ųʹ֮낀(g)ɡ(gu)@һNCĬF(xin)ˡɞF(xin)֮ˡ(gu)ɞF(xin)(gu)ҡx_@ЩҪO(sh)C(hu)ȫһԒ

        vʷŒ(sh)ѽ(jng)CΨЬF(xin)ɾЇ(gu)Ԓr(sh)@r(sh)[r(sh)(qing)r(sh)ĿFy(tng)Ҳ@һͨ^(chng)ݳ̈́xl(f)Ї(gu)˵˼ź;ڴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)l(f)]˷eOĶƄ(dng)Ї(gu)F(xin)M(jn)̡M@(dng)гM˾޴ۺͷ(f)\(chng)Ȼˇg(sh)ʽԊ(sh)Сfɢ(bo)ČW(xu)Ҳͬܰl(f)]ɵã˵ļw_w(yn)ıݣڂܷʽϵă(yu)(sh)ʹ(hu)Ը(qing)(du)˵ОӰ؄eܵx\(yn)(dng)ҕ[6]vʷϵĎׂ(g)P(gun)Ir(sh)Ԓ\(yn)(dng)֮؄eS?yn)@һc(din)ǰ‘1907ġū䛡F(xin)Ї(gu)Ԓc(din)ġr(sh)(g)2030ĬF(xin)ԒڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)Є(chung)˹xI(y)(j)1949֮1956195719781989@ɂ(g)r(sh)УԒҲ؄edʢl(f)˱^(hu)Ӱ]ЬF(xin)ɾ@ЩDzܵЇ(gu)ԒĻֻЏĆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)@(g)ǶȁŸՓͬF(xin)(sh)x@fԒ҇(gu)Įa(chn)Ͱl(f)չQHHڂy(tng)đ֮һ(g)µ_(ti)ʘʽŒ(sh)Ԓvʷxһ(g)Ļʹԑˇg(sh)Ї(gu)˵ľ˼ĻI(lng)(g)(gu)ĬF(xin)_پ֮·

        ߀˰ш(jin)֡(zhn)ԡc(jin)R˼xͬ@һ(g)J(rn)R(sh)`^(q)R˼xcĻr(ji)ֵ^иĚvʷ“(lin)ϵ猦(du)ˡĆ}ĻR˼˹YxYxƄ(dng)(hu)ĬF(xin)F(xin)ڡˡ˵ġ}ҲYa(chn)A(j)Yx(hu)(du)Ƅ(dng)^YxF(xin)˜I(y)ġɡĻs^кͰl(f)չR˼xڽQ˵ġ}r(sh)^Сl(f)չxȡ֮t(hu)NNΆɡάF(xin)ԡΣѽ(jng)Ŀ֪꡶a(chn)hԡһ(g)Ҫ^c(din)𣺡ǴA(j)A(j)(du)Ya(chn)A(j)f(hu)@һ(g)“(lin)wÿ(g)˵ɰl(f)չһ˵ɰl(f)չėl[7]@ǡǡfR˼xcF(xin)R(sh)һЇ(gu)ԒʷЇ(gu)ꆢxĻһᆢر܆ǛQȻՄЇ(gu)ԒĚvʷՓĻ}

        80ԁЩ򄡡ȥλڷ񶨺͡☋(gu)?yn)ֻɺε?lin)ϵȫߵą^(q)eɾ񡱺͡(zhn)ԡP(gun)ϵ񡰆ɡ͡ΡP(gun)ϵһ߼“(lin)ϵЅ^(q)e̎ͬһ(g)Ļ\(yn)(dng)п׃\(yn)(dng)\(yn)(dng)Ҳ(hu)چɵďԳ_M(jn)cڰ(dng)`Čcǔ†ʷy(tng)g(sh)еҪһh(hun)\y(tng)v(zhn)ԡͷֲ@ɷNҲͷֲ憢cنɣɱΣڿՑ(zhn)(zhng)Ԓˡخ]ʲôϵġ(zhn)ԡЏ(qing)ҵĆɾ񡪡J(rn)R(sh)Լɺ(yn)_y(tng)ε؇efͥfwfr(sh)ȥ׷ˡF(xin)@cδ“(lin)ϵ(zhn)ݳġوDꐰ׉mtһ¶Ї(gu)h֮Sϲ]ІµR(sh)ô(hu)ϬS^ȥЕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)ѡˡوDĆɾfɡ(zhn)ԡ(c(din)̎xһ(y))

        ǃHHָƷ˼Aа(zhn)f˼fď(qing)Ҫ@Ȼ֧ˡوD}Σ@[cѣָߵһԣ
        60ġ޷ޑA(j)(zhng)cĸеġӰеcǔָߵČ(du)ԣôϵġ(zhn)ԡԽ(qing)侫(sh)|(zh)Ļr(ji)ֵ^ϷF(xin)˵Ć}ԽӇ(yn)o(w)Փôfܰцɾϵġ(zhn)ԡһՄ

        ҇(gu)Ľ(jng)(j)ĻQ֮(hu)˼˵׃DV֮УSF(xin)M(jn)̵ۺͷ(f)ھ׷Ļr(ji)ֵ^һֱcɵČ(du)ĥc(zhng)@˵ĬF(xin)ǰڃ(ni)ĬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)ĸҪҲfvʷwġˡҪھB(ti)ϳɞ顰F(xin)ˡ[8]҇(gu)F(xin)ʷԒ\(yn)(dng)Ԓ(chung)d˥ʧƳҊ˵ĆԵĽ(gu)ؽԱe˵ľg_]cU(ku)չM(jn)֮gxcF(xin)˜I(y)һ£vʷشһ(g)Sε܉Eѭ@(g)vʷ܉E҂Ї(gu)Ԓ֮ꡱĆɾ(g)ԵεR(sh)˵Ե(yn)һ@ʹЇ(gu)ԒʮP(gun)ע(hu)ܲӱ
        һ棬ʹܳԽ(hu)(hu)εĸӹ͹HP(gun)ϵ_(ti)(sh)|(zh)ھI(lng)ġ(du)ԒһƷλĸߵ(dng)ȻǿĻbҪ@(du)Ԓ֮񾳽o(w)򄡾񾳽ĸߵc򄡼҆xď(qing)o(w)P(gun)ܷġˡĸ߶׃(hu)HP(gun)ϵIJCC

        һλ򄡽Ҫȥλfvɾǻصιߵ·ȥ@?yn)ֲ冢cεIJeĶҲͲĻɾ(du)һˇg(sh)ˇg(sh)ҵ`xֻё򄡮(dng)һN`ġˇôҪ_u(png)r(ji)Ěvʷ͌(sh)`һdzy@λ?yn)鿴ɵĬF(xin)r(ji)ֵƺаvʷЇ(gu)Ԓ߀㲻҂򄡣ʹҲ^HHDZNеһ(g)[9]J(rn)ֻTĴRɽȾ݆TcҲš20o(j)ǰ~Ї(gu)򄡵߳ɾ͡[10]@Զ„һЩĻxζxԵġJ(rn)ͬcgY(ji)(hu)ʹ֪R(sh)ĻxK(du)̽Ҳˇg(sh)(chung)NNĻxǶƺ͸ɔ_҇(gu)F(xin)Ԓl(f)չı˼ʲô҇(gu)F(xin)ԒǷN_(d)߶˼;տˇg(sh)y(tng)һľQһ(jng)Ʒࣿ?yn)ȱǷN(qing)ҵwR(sh)͸߶ȵɾΌ(sh)R(sh)ֿô(qing)ˇg(sh)R(sh)sஔ(dng)ҿ@cvʷL(zhng)õČxĻ(du)ɾĶP(gun)Ҳcٹ̵Ļx(du)탞(yu)ĻĵP(gun)҂o(j)ԒɾM(jn)SΚvʷ܉Eܲ|@ЩP(gun)I}

        @(g)F(xin)ɾM(jn)˵S܉E¿Կ֮@傀(g)vʷĶÿһΡՏһ(g)͸¶Ї(gu)߳o(j)~F(xin)ľʷԺ͏(f)s

        һ(g)40@Ї(gu)Ԓѿ19o(j)ĩ20o(j)l(f)չ20o(j)^20꣩죨20o(j)30ĕr(sh)@һvʷr(sh)ή(dng)F(xin)xăɴ픳ΌxcĻx]ֹͣ^(du)F(xin)ĵ˼Ļl(f)չĿڅ(sh)⡱cڅͬJ(rn)Ļr(ji)ֵͨԺ͹ͬԣJ(rn)ͬM(jn)ĻЕr(sh)F(xin)͡(ni)ͬR˼x˴˄(sh)cxȡһµĻ(chng)‘򵽬F(xin)Ԓx(q)˼ϵĺڰB(ti)I(lng)@һˇg(sh)۵ĵ·ϲǰM(jn)Щ(yu)Ʒľo(w)˼(g)ԽԌ(du)׷mȻ(dng)ć(gu)ḩĻxP(yng)(gu)W(xu)(gu)⡱팦(du)ϵČxһM(jn)˼K]ֹ҇(gu)򄡬F(xin)M(jn)

        ġr(sh)cԒP(gun)

        1(du)fҪǾУ

        2(du)F(xin)ԒĵĴᳫ

        3(du)ײx IbsenismďVP(yng)

        @c(din)ڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)һҲcԒdʢѪP(gun)ĸ_ٵ·

        (du)fmȻo(w)ƫHʧ(dng)֮̎ҪȱvʷxqCȱˇg(sh)˂y(tng)W(xu)ϵɫԼڬF(xin)׃ıҪcܣ@һڏ(qing)ı؄(sh)ž򄡵ĬF(xin)_·ɛ]ЩʿW(yng)ٻҲУ(du)fǾһЩc(din)硰ɫˇ񡱵ȫȻȱʽĘVġc(ni)ϡĘVġȥ桱ľ޴ìȵȣҲǺo(w)ʹ쿴Ҳo(w)l(f)@(du)ЄĘI(y)ˆTҲһάF(xin)^ĽtfҲ(hu)ȥX،m(yng)•r(sh)^ˇg(sh)֮·F(xin)ЩС(gu)Y(ji)˄(dng)máġt(du)fЁffȫe(cu)`ģ@fĻx(chng)֮߀fʲ

        Ԓ\(yn)(dng)ֱP(gun)ϵF(xin)˵˼Sͱ_(d)(du)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ĬF(xin)P(gun)ҪQЇ(gu)򄡏ĹŵΑB(ti)F(xin)ΑB(ti)D(zhun)͵Z(y)Ԇ}mġ˲xfԒėlֵעǡҪfԼԒefe˵Ԓʲôr(sh)fʲôr(sh)Ԓ@ӵᷨ[11](du)F(xin)ČW(xu)͑򄡵Z(y)Ա_(d)ĸĸl(f)˾޴ӰԒҪڷʽǡ(du)Ԓ]аԒ͛]ЬF(xin)ԒH]аԒF(xin)hZ(y)һЩطԽu(png)Լ¾F(xin)ҲDzO(sh)Ԓ֮dʹdԒȡČW(xu)ϵăr(ji)ֵ͚vʷλ҂xخǘӽ(jng)đZ(y)ܲxġԒ\(yn)(dng)ڲδ20Ԓ\(yn)(dng)tʹhĭ݅ǘӸԊ(sh)~đ򄡡ČW(xu)ϵĵλǹ̶[12]֮]СġԒ\(yn)(dng)͛]ЬF(xin)򄡵˼Sͱ_(d)ķʽ͛]ЬF(xin)Ԓ֮Ԓ

        䑪(yng)ԓ(qing){(dio)(du)mġײxһģ^ȥһֱ]ᵽ@ӵĸ߶ȁJ(rn)R(sh)҇(gu)F(xin)xĽ(jng)īI(xin)֮һҲ҂_F(xin)򄡾񌚎(k)һ耳Ї(gu)򄡬F(xin)^ײ͡ײxl(f)^޴Ӱl(wi)˵Ă(g)ɺ(yn)(hu)؟(z)ǡײxĺľ@һ(hu)ӳF(xin)(sh)F(xin)˵Ը\(yn)Ķҳ(hu)֮@ײ򄡵ĬF(xin)(sh)xҲ҇(gu)F(xin)򄡵ķײǾxȫr(ji)ֵ(gu)Ų(j)˹ڮ(dng)r(sh)֮ԳF(xin)ČW(xu)s?yn)ǷN(hu)B(ti)a(chn)˔[ÓūԵġˡֻ@ӵСԼԸԼׄ(chung)ĺͪ(d)ľ[13]mġײxOĴľ@Nr(ji)ֵ^Ļ(chng)҇(gu)F(xin)ԒĆx·ɴ˴_2030a(chn)һ(yu)ㄡƷwF(xin)@NɾM(jn)Ї(gu)ˬF(xin)R(sh)XѡՓhܷ߀DzخԒ֮(yu)֮֮z^֮꡷ճ֮Ϻ¡֮@^Ǵ졷ȵĸ(g)ǶȌ(du)⽨xĽ¶(du)ƌW(xu)ɵĺc(du)Ե_B͸˞鱾ĬF(xin)ɾ

        30ġ򄡡c1942֮ǷN߶λ˵ĘOͬǰǡҰڷ(du)(gu)hxcɵĻ(chng)һЩ턡h˵ƷԳMx
        ߄tȻǡ(dng)(qun)ߵĹԵؓ(f)ӰԽԽ䷴ɵ|(zh)tҪ1957֮ſҊģֵһ30ܷںӱʡh_չġr(nng)򄡡(sh)(yn)ҲnjڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)֮һһ\(yn)(dng)x|(zh)ģ]ȥ׷ǷNϡҡġ(zhn)ԡԯr(nng)ġF˽Ĵ󲡰Yּ҇(gu)r(nng)ݔһNϵR(sh)Ԓz^dzƌW(xu)(q)^ȡǹĴr(nng)(hu)@ĆxA^ȥ(du)оJ(rn)R(sh)ʮw\

        ڶ(g)vʷĶĿՑ(zhn)(zhng)_ʼ(gu)s15r(sh)g@һr(sh)Ї(gu)Ļڅ(sh)һ ⡱D(zhun)򡰃(ni)򡰃(ni)c(f)šY(ji)ϣ򡰖|@ġ|ָcĻČ(du)1938_ʼġ廯}Ġ(zhng)Փfڿ(zhn)Ĵ̼ʹ(gu)˵۹Ɍ(du)mĻr(ji)ֵP(gun)עD(zhun)?q)ĿgcԵĽ]ĻđB(ti)_]ԺͰ]տs1953ŗm(x)x򡱵ķ@һ˺ġ(hu)xr(sh)ڡһ@15Ԓ^m(x)(jin)֬F(xin)ɾڿ(zhn)q(chung)ԼġSr(sh)ͬr(sh)ĺăr(ji)ֵ^ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)⵽Ό(sh)xĻxB(qing)(zhn)廯Ġ(zhng)ՓЌ(du)ɵĈ(jin)ҲЌ(du)ɵķ(du)}Щ`С廯ƫH򄡵ĆxΌ(sh)xĻx_ĶġF(xin)@(g)}ڽ쿴ѽ(jng)ʮԒČW(xu)Ą(chung)fһ_ʼȻڡ廯·ϵġһhW(yng)ٻcy(tng)Ļ(du)f֪֮HʹĄ(chung)ȡԒ@Nʽˇg(sh)Z(y)L(fng)ζԼƷ(ni)ЬF(xin)Ї(gu)еľҲo(w)Ї(gu)_(ti)ݳf1920tc(rn)ɺֵܵȺϺ_(ti)ݳ۠mʒ{ġA֮šI(y)⵽ʧfԒġ廯߀һ(g)ֵעĆ}Ԓô1924򄡅f(xi)(zh)(do)һλ۠mµġ̵ӡԭСصנ˵ӡ@ɹtfԒݳʽѽ(jng)ɹء廯30J(rn)Ї(gu)Ԓѽ(jng)ʲôгǏZ(y)Y(ji)(gu)\(yn)õƳ̶fҲ˼_(d)ˮ(zhn)fѽ(jng)ɞصصЇ(gu)F(xin)򄡵һNʽһNһNΑB(ti)l(shu)fĵЩԒ҇(gu)F(xin)򄡵Ľ(jng)(yng)ԓf30ĩԒ廯ѽ(jng)ˡF(xin)v򄡡ȻԒų@һ(g)R(sh)Եe(cu)`

        1938_ʼġԒ廯ӑՓĻYԴ،F(xin)򄡵ĵ·ڴM(jn)Ԓİl(f)չзeOxˈ(jin)֬F(xin)_ҊL(fng)һ硢éh˵ҊҲ¶ġF(xin)ĻxAصgصŵ䣩䌍(sh)挦(du)I(y)ѳЇ(gu)Ԓٴvvʲô廯ѽ(jng)һ(g)o(w)ķʧġRڡˆ(dng)Ȼǟo(w)ķʧ^Ї(gu)廯ЃɷN_ŵĻđB(ti)cڷ]ĻđB(ti)ǰǷeOO[14]ĻxٺcϵČx\񶨡ġx·Ҫ׌ԒĬF(xin)򄡻صǰF(xin)ǰɵĘy(tng)еĹ߻Ӱġ廯(sh)ζJָԡl(f)P(yng)¡Ӱĵȼ(j)qo(h)^ʽЇ(gu)ɫwF(xin)Ļr(ji)ֵ^϶(c(din)̎xһ(y))

        @(g)·ȥ˺(hu)ĬF(xin)ǧ⽨xĻ͕(hu)ڡ̖(ho)µm(x)ĚvʷŒ(sh)C@һc(din)

        1951_չӰӖ(xn)Ķ(zhng)(qun)ľ޴Ι(qun)ݺݴĻȇ(gu)˼룬@A(y)ʾF(xin)ɾ񌢕(hu)ۺͷ(f)

        (g)vʷġx򡱽Y(ji)1953޿Զëɖ|P(gun)ˇ}ĵһ(g)Ҫʾζĸ_Ļ1963@10򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)(jng)v۶(f)s׃mȻr(sh)ð^wfDzήsڇ(gu)h(qun)?q)c_(ti)˂Ȼذй(qun)ĽҕЇ(gu)ڬF(xin)ɾž(zhng)ĽY(ji)@һDŮ1953꣩һеR(sh)c^ȥġx“(lin)ϵ@N“(lin)ϵc(du)(qun)ĸힾooһԓŮ˹ġ@|(zh)ģһԼ˺l(wi)(g)˪(d)ɵ{(dng)˄}ďġ򡱣@һI(lng)v(g)ԣ?q)Ⱥ򡱣@һI(lng)ҪvΣ֮F(xin)wƟo(w)lؿ϶͸힕r(sh)ݲHfˡҏ(qing){(dio)fLJ(gu)ҵԡ(gu)ҡx˵Ă(g)ԵķN@Ȼ@c`Ľ(gu)hI(lng)ġ힄ģ醢֮ҪxġȺ(qun)硱Ї(gu)F(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ȱ˱_ʼ@¶(dng)P(yng)(g)Եĕr(sh)(g)ˏСšs䵽˲Ƽsć(gu)ҙ(qun)һԪ֮(yng)ԓf@xϵć(gu)ǡtotalitarianismֱgǡwxJ(rn)һ(g)ߟo(w)ϵwʹ@(g)ɵġw(qun)ͽoO(qun)x͂΂(g)xĽY(ji)ṩһNgڌ(do)׷(g)ԽʼO˵؉ւ(g)ԽK@ӵһNɵı[15]@ӵġɵıʹɡ^񡪡ˡֻʣһ(g) x䌍(sh)ǡܓP(yng)Փ(hu)x}r(sh)fI(lng)Į׃˼I(lng)Įǂ(g)ū܌W(xu)[16]S๩(gu)(w)εđݳͲ̶ͬȵ@Nɵı߉݋

        ^ġx19561957̕˼гF(xin)ġķNBֽˡķһđ˄߲Hٰь(du)ɡ׷c(du)(qun)ĸ“(lin)ϵ෴и(qun)ھI(lng)†}(g)ܵijN⵽ijNŤJ|ˬF(xin)(sh)һ(g)Ѵڵδ԰յĆ}˴µ̖(ho)硰w(hu)xhI(lng)(do)֮`еąsꐸ󐺵ķ⽨֮˽ԓǂ(g)F(tun)֧ίغMڡM(jn)ԒZ(y)ёͯУԸ۳顰Bҕ˽ԡMxֱ؄Z(g)˵@ȻBڡ•r(sh)φ}ײPµ҇(gu)ġr(sh)׷(g)Խŵǘ[Ó(du)һNfǂ(g)ߟo(w)ϵġw_ƾ`l(wi)Լ˸(yn)ڄDŽBֽˡ@dzMcF(xin)R(sh)ġײx50٬F(xin)1957ꡰɡ(zhng)ԺSһ@ӵđ(dng)ȻDzR(sh)ΑB(ti)͘Oˇu(png)ݵSM(jn)\(yn)(dng)еһЩF(xin)ǷNߟo(w)ϵļ(qun)xcI(lng)µĿͿġ^hġP(gun)h䡷@ӵĺÑ(gu)˼1956-1957gγɵ֮1958ʬF(xin)_(ti)ԭġǰ힄·ӣ߀(g)fr(sh)ıo(h)߄t˼o(j)ĻP(gun)hęC(j)(hu)1957֮ͬСtԺһͬh߀Сʮˮ(k)ٮ(dng)r(sh)Ļh(hun)¸ġSM(jn)څr(sh)(yng)֮ҵĴ󔡹P1962ëɖ|(qing){(dio)A(j)(zhng)ҪvvvF(xin)@һ}đ򄡴󶼎зF(xin)ăA硶һǧf(wn)ҪӛS֮ɎX힡SR(do)ݵġM(jn)Mַ·f(sh)侫(ni)tcЩ޷ޑ򡱲o(w)@һ(g)ʹЩϲgԴˑ?yn)ҫSϡ^ڌ֮ʹ޺µڱ@茑^(dng)(x)(ji)^挍(sh)đҲÓˡA(j)(zhng)Ӗ(xn)]·(sh)ҌСYa(chn)A(j)ġL(fng)ҕʹˉħ¶(du)F(xin)һNĪĿֺ֑ͳҕ@ǏġA(j)(zhng)޷ޡ@r(sh)ĸѽ(jng)Ǻ֮

        19631977@ǵĂ(g)vʷ@ҲǬF(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ʷһ(g)˵ĕr(sh)l(shu)fĸGЇ(gu)fy(tng)ʹˡɞ顰ˡĻxfĸ(jin)ֱ@һy(tng)˘Oͬr(sh)mȻڡKޡ̖(ho)·ŗ50K“(lin)һ߅ķ(sh)|(zh)ǰЌ˹ֵĘO(qun)xO@һr(sh)֮һF(xin)R(sh)ȫȱf߀ЩSԵԒǴڵ¡ǷB(ti)еģ򄡵ġˌW(xu)λصĨHBK򄡃HĬF(xin)(sh)xy(tng)ҲGһ(du)˹̹˹˹ͱF(xin)@NGĽ^(du)@һԡF(xin)(sh)xġ޷ޑӰ򡱱@һr(sh)ڵĴ^1963ǂ(g)ζĸL(fng)RҪʾëɖ|1964һ(g)Ҫʾ@ɂ(g)ʾˇg(sh)ĬF(xin)ëɖ|޵İ(du)cйo(w)ՓУ(du)T١A|ԒRȫ(gu)Rݡһ(g)(g)򄡽ġ¼䌍(sh)ȫ(gu)ĸһ·(bio)İ˂(g)Ӱ򡱁ڡĸdzǵǡǡ򄡬F(xin)֮(bio)־ԒsڡĸЎ׺mȻĸԒҲһȱι߁ʹsѾ顰(zhng)Ҫ@?yn)Ԓ@NF(xin)ʽc֪R(sh)cF(xin)ɾ“(lin)ϵyԞδ(jng)ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)ġϴYֱӱ˵ġr(nng)ҲyԌʽ̓(ni)ݷ_ȥǷN|(zh)⚤(chung)¡(ni)fġάF(xin)ԡ̖(ho)Q֡F(xin)ġӰ|(zh)⚤Ǹ߶ȬF(xin)ҲfǸ߶ȡ侫(ni)s϶һЩ⽨xĻϵĖ|Ty^Ѫy(tng)ՓhԼ(g)Ӣ۳ݵȵ(sh)|(zh)ǡŵxġǡF(xin)ġһλu(png)Ҍ(du)ŵxķHm҂ġӰ򡱣ָҪһZ(y)ƹŵx(ni)Ԓ҂F(xin)һ؞F(xin)ŵxΌƵľͬķNNģʽ͗lҎ(gu)^ǣÁƺ͉˵Ļܵľ@Щ|Q(hu)F(xin)κɛQֻһN(qing)˵[17]Ӱ̖(ho)QǡF(xin)(sh)xcxY(ji)ϡƷеġF(xin)(sh)nj(du)ԵŤ硶ۡеġA(j)(zhng)^롱tǿų↢ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)ԡаԒɱųԸ\(yn)֮F(xin)(dng)ȻQ(hu)oԡκɛQ족KֻǽoһN(qing)ӵľ`͉

        197830҇(gu)F(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ʷĵ傀(g)@һǰ10ǾA10ǡƣܛе^xʷ S ܉E80ˏ(f)wġՏЇ(gu)˵Ļ۹ٶ⡱c(gu)H܉J(rn)ͬĻr(ji)ֵĹͬͨԣĻă(yu)ɹHһ(g)vʷĘӣf@ǻصġܾf@ǡ]ͣЇ(gu)M(jn)˸ĸ_ŵһȫ˼ʹ򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)õ(f)KmȻɾ˷NNۺͷ(f)r(sh)M(jn)r(sh)r(sh)[r(sh)@K߀ؽ80Ї(gu)Ԓһ(g)ஔ(dng)x͵ĕr(sh)Ļ˞鱾ЌxߓP(yng)ĵĬF(xin)x1979֮ǰһˎ͡đS_(ti)΃AĻ(chng)s߀һ1979ԡġɳ~µȣ(bio)־l(f)һ(g)D(zhun)ۡġǽ¶(dng)r(sh)ʹ޵ġߺT֮L(fng)(sh)H|˼(qun)y(tng)²ܼsġ١co(w)(qun)֮񡱵ìҲ(qun)o(w)O(jin)@һ(g)eyʮеΆ}@һ}˽͸@F(xin)(sh)ԺͼJˣMܴ˄ܹθԕ(hu)韩80ĿwĻB(ti)(sh)cͬˡȻĸ_ŵIJѽ(jng)ֹͣô֧@һ˜I(y)Ļr(ji)ֵ^cF(xin)R(sh)ͲһαƷ19801989@10Ї(gu)򄡾һlػ̽ǰM(jn)Ć֮·ڑ򄡵ľָČ(du)F(xin)(sh)(du)һз˵F(xin)ٵ(du)vʷĻ׷c˼g؞(du)Ե_͌(du)˵`̽c(yng)ԓf@10džԲؽcӏ(qing)Ķʹġ򄡾񡱵õߓP(yng)10򄡵˼gˇg(sh)gõ˿ǰU(ku)Щ(yu)ㄡЇ(gu)ǷNeO_P(yng)ϵľֻ@r(sh)򄡲ŕ(hu)@ĬF(xin)ԡF(xin)ˡԾɞ鱾ġg(sh)F(xin)ˡھI(lng)ƽȡ(du)ԒἰġġԒСͬ?jin)ƣһ(g)ߌ(du)ߵLVtϲ¡κȣ܇վн\ƣɣƺo(j)¡ӶƽġЬF(xin)(sh)ăr(ji)ֵ^Ļ(chng)򄡆ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)(qing)ҵıF(xin)@ЩھϵĹͬc(din)ǣ˸һ(g)װ׵ġF(xin)ˡ򄡵ġˌW(xu)λ@л֏(f)30ܷخЩӳr(nng)(hu)Ԓcɣƺo(j)¡ؿЇ(gu)򄡼Ҍ(du)r(nng)r(nng)}İ_(d)ĆԵĸ߶Dz֮ڰԒʷ@10׷ġġxĻ\(yn)(dng)еĬF(xin)†21o(j)Ї(gu)ƽl(f)չr(sh)‘xʮشfС̱xҲ^

        90ԁء|(zh)ԙ(qun)cXY(ji)ϞģĔDήsЈ(chng)(jng)(j)ĻM(jn)c(hu)wƸĸĜʹD(zhun)ڵĻy֮̓Ļa(chn)Ʒƽӹ·80ߓP(yng)ġɾ񡱵mȻ]ȫѲôrǾ|(zh)⚤֮ʢw(ni)֮˥ đؑ^ʢ¡ԒwϹƒ@һZ(dng)һr(sh)^@һF(xin)Ĵ¡☋(gu)ɵЇ(gu)F(xin)ֳcW(xu)ɡ˄(sh)(du)@ЩOF(xin)ƲӰµ_(ti)Ͱl(f)@һr(sh)fɘO˼̧^c؄(sh)đffһ(g)ƽӹr(sh)֮ˇg(sh)̈́(chung)ؚ(dng)Ȼ90ķɲͬǡܛԵġ׃ε[εʮ(dng)̽ǰM(jn)֮߀ڕr(sh)(qing)r(sh)ҫ򄡵Ą(chung)ݳԒҦh(yun)t¡(chng)ΣwҫԼС(chng)h˼Ͼx(c(din)̎xһ(y))

        ߀F(xin)xĻ·ߵwfһ(g)ֻX͡(qun)]ˆɵ(mng)Ԋ(sh)(hu)ô(hu)Сɿgġ򄡾90򄡌(sh)`Ј(jin)ֆɵĻ(chng)^ȥDyҲӱҪ

        ֮ԒSЇ(gu)(hu)^һdzһ(g)Ŀ(bio)F(xin)ǰM(jn)?yn)@(g)(hu)̎ښvʷĴжyԱۺͷ(f)һǡһ(g)݆ءһ(g)o(j)ǰl(f)c(din)ϵЩ}һ(g)µߵČᵽ҂ǰ@һć(gu)ҬF(xin)ǰ;fСđ򄡬F(xin)\(yn)fȻһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷ΄(w)Ї(gu)Ćɮ(dng)Ȼвن}ͽӖ(xn)ֵ÷˼@Ƿ񶨻򡰽☋(gu)ɵɾ񣨌I(y)һЩԒԽСɿg񡱣Ǒ֮ꡱԒ40qՕr(sh)hҪl(f)һΞ򄡡лꡱ\(yn)(dng)(ni)(zhn)δԒĕr(sh)׌҂?c)һκԒ(g)򄡡лꡱ

        20061217ճ

        2007321ӆͲS

        --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        ϵ(hu)ƌW(xu)شn}P(gun)(xing)ĿF(xin)˼cЇ(gu)ČW(xu)AԳɹ֮һ

        [1] []ߠϕr(sh)˵˼롷һg107(y)K1998

        [2] ͬ187(y)

        [3] []ER˾^F(xin)ԥg181(y)Ϻgij1996

        [4] ѸĩeՄѸȫ1207(y)ČW(xu)1981

        [5] ͬ3187(y)

        [6] ?jin)?902Ąٻ҉(mng)f㿴ǰ(gu)·ʮĵĕr(sh)L(fng)ײǺͽЇ(gu)һӆ̝һ(g)˽иؠSСfһ(gu)ˏ˯(mng)ІҊļȫʮؠ(gu)x˼򄡼g̩

        [7] R˼˹xһ273(y)1972

        [8] @^˵F(xin)eū`B(ti)һ(g)(d)֮
        eB(ti)һ(g)֮
        eäĠB(ti)һ(g)X(g)Խȫ֮ˣ
        eҕ˾鸸ĸϠ?sh)ijB(ti)һ(g)ںl(wi)(g)ƽș(qun)ĬF(xin)uQČW(xu)20045(y)

        [9] Ї(gu)ĄNԥ愡Խu(png)ȵقy(tng)W(xu)һԣ糪ʽһQ֮顰Ї(gu)
        Ԓtˇg(sh)ΑB(ti)W(xu)ȫͬһNQ܌wϱNеһ(g)֔(jn)ڡ20o(j)Ї(gu)򄡵ĬF(xin)׷һf20o(j)ஔ(dng)„NQеԒԽu(png)ȵȳP(gun)ע͚gӭĄN@@ȻǑ򄡷W(xu)ϵһN

        [10] ֔(jn)λ廯c20o(j)Ї(gu)򄡡Ϸĉ20015ڡ

        [11] mO(sh)ČW(xu)Փmļ245(y)W(xu)1998

        [12] Ї(gu)ČW(xu)ϵ򄡼(do)ԡ48(y)ϺшDӡˢ˾1935

        [13] R˼˹x4474(y)1972

        [14] ԔҊ׾cr(sh)135142(y)ČW(xu)2004

        [15] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615

        [16] ܓP(yng)P(gun)R˼xĎׂ(g)}̽ӑ?qng)?bo)1983316

        [17] []ղءR(k)֮SСg151(y)Ӣ(gu)u(png)ҺղءF(xin)(sh)xһ֮ԣVW(xu)2001

        P(gun)~Ԓ Ї(gu)

        c(din)x

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